Njira Yopangira Mapepala

1. Sendani matabwa. Pali zinthu zambiri zopangira, ndipo matabwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira pano, zomwe ndi zabwino kwambiri. Matabwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapepala amaikidwa mu roller ndipo khungwa limachotsedwa.

2. Kudula. Ikani matabwa odulidwa mu chitoliro.

3. Kuphika ndi nthunzi pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa osweka. Ikani zidutswa za matabwa mu chopukusira.

4. Kenako gwiritsani ntchito madzi oyera ambiri kutsuka zamkati, ndikuchotsa zidutswa zopyapyala, mfundo, miyala ndi mchenga mu zamkati poziphimba ndi kuziyeretsa.

5. Malinga ndi zofunikira za mtundu wa pepala, gwiritsani ntchito bleach kuti muyeretse zamkati mwa pepalalo mpaka kuyera kofunikira, kenako gwiritsani ntchito zida zopumira kuti muyeretse.

Chinyezicho chimalowetsedwa mu makina osindikizira mapepala. Mu sitepe iyi, gawo lina la chinyezi lidzachotsedwa mu chinyezicho ndipo lidzakhala lamba wonyowa wa chinyezicho, ndipo ulusi womwe uli mmenemo udzakanikizidwa pamodzi pang'onopang'ono ndi chopukutira.

6. Kutulutsa chinyezi. Zamkati zimayendayenda motsatira riboni, kuchotsa madzi, ndipo zimakhala zokhuthala.

7. Kusita. Chozungulira chokhala ndi malo osalala chingathe kusita pamwamba pa pepalalo kuti pakhale malo osalala.

8. Kudula. Ikani pepalalo mu makina ndikulidula kukula koyenera.

Mfundo yopangira mapepala:
Kupanga mapepala kumagawidwa m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: pulping ndi papermaking. Pulping ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakina, njira zamakemikolo, kapena kuphatikiza njira zonse ziwiri kuti mulekanitse zipangizo zopangira ulusi wa zomera kukhala pulp yachilengedwe kapena bleached pulp. Kupanga mapepala ndi njira yophatikiza ulusi wa pulp womwe umapachikidwa m'madzi kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana kukhala mapepala apepala omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.

Ku China, kupanga mapepala kunanenedwa kuti kunachokera kwa mdindo Cai Lun wa ufumu wa Han (pafupifupi 105 AD; cholembedwa cha mkonzi wa ku China: kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa mbiri yakale akusonyeza kuti nthawi ino iyenera kupititsidwa patsogolo). Pa nthawi imeneyo mapepala ankapangidwa kuchokera ku mizu ya nsungwi, nsanza, hemp, ndi zina zotero. Njira yopangira mapepala inali kuponda, kuwiritsa, kusefa, ndi kufalitsa zotsalira kuti ziume padzuwa. Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala pang'onopang'ono kunafalikira kumpoto chakumadzulo pamodzi ndi ntchito zamalonda za Silk Road. Mu 793 AD, mphero ya mapepala inamangidwa ku Baghdad, Persia. Kuchokera pano, kupanga mapepala kunafalikira kumayiko a Aarabu, choyamba ku Damasiko, kenako ku Egypt ndi Morocco, ndipo potsiriza ku Exerovia ku Spain. Mu 1150 AD, a Moor anamanga mphero yoyamba ya mapepala ku Europe. Pambuyo pake, mafakitale opangira mapepala anakhazikitsidwa ku Horantes, France mu 1189, ku Vabreano, Italy mu 1260, ndi ku Germany mu 1389. Pambuyo pake, panali wamalonda wa ku London ku England dzina lake John Tent yemwe anayamba kupanga mapepala mu 1498 panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Henry Wachiwiri. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, mapepala opangidwa ndi nsanza ndi zomera analowedwa m'malo ndi mapepala opangidwa ndi zomera.
Kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zafukulidwa, zitha kudziwika kuti mapepala oyambirira ankapangidwa ndi hemp. Njira yopangira ndi iyi: kuyika, kutanthauza kunyowetsa hemp m'madzi kuti ichotse gumm; kenako kukonza hemp kukhala zingwe za hemp; kenako kuphwanya zingwe za hemp, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti kumenya, kuti zifalikire ulusi wa hemp; ndipo potsiriza, kusodza mapepala, komwe ndiko kufalitsa ulusi wa hemp mofanana pa mphasa ya nsungwi yonyowa m'madzi, kenako nkuitulutsa ndikuiumitsa kuti ikhale pepala.

Njira imeneyi ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi njira yopangira mapepala, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti njira yopangira mapepala idachokera ku njira yopangira mapepala. Zachidziwikire, mapepala oyambirira anali ovuta kwambiri. Ulusi wa hemp sunaphwanyidwe bwino, ndipo ulusiwo sunagawidwe mofanana pamene unapangidwa kukhala pepala. Chifukwa chake, sizinali zosavuta kulembapo, ndipo nthawi zambiri unkangogwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zinthu.

Koma chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, pepala loyambirira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi linayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu pa zinthu zolembera. Pa kusinthaku kwa zinthu zolembera, Cai Lun adasiya dzina lake m'mbiri ndi gawo lake lofunika kwambiri.