1. Hluba ukhuni. Kunezinto eziningi zokusetshenziswa, futhi ukhuni lusetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa lapha, okuyikhwalithi enhle. Ukhuni olusetshenziswa ukwenza iphepha lufakwa ku-roller bese igxolo lisuswa.
2. Ukusika. Faka ukhuni oluhlutshiwe emshinini wokuqhekeza.
3. Ukushisa ngokhuni oluphukile. Faka ama-chips okhuni ku-digester.
4. Bese usebenzisa amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile ukugeza i-pulp, bese ususa izingcezu eziqinile, amafindo, amatshe nesihlabathi ku-pulp ngokuyihlanza nokuyihlanza.
5. Ngokwezidingo zohlobo lwephepha, sebenzisa i-bleach ukuze uhlanze i-pulp ibe mhlophe ngendlela edingekayo, bese usebenzisa imishini yokushaya ukuze uhlanze.
I-pulp ifakwa emshinini wephepha. Kulesi sinyathelo, ingxenye yomswakama izosuswa ku-pulp bese iba yibhande le-pulp elimanzi, futhi imicu ekuyo izocindezelwa ndawonye ngobumnene yi-roller.
6. Ukukhishwa komswakama. I-pulp ihamba eceleni kweribhoni, isuse amanzi, bese iba lukhuni.
7. Uku-ayina. I-roller enobuso obubushelelezi inga-ayina ubuso bephepha ibe ubuso obubushelelezi.
8. Ukusika. Faka iphepha emshinini bese ulisika libe usayizi ojwayelekile.
Isimiso sokwenza amaphepha:
Ukukhiqizwa kwephepha kuhlukaniswe ngezinqubo ezimbili eziyisisekelo: ukugaya kanye nokwenza iphepha. Ukugaya kuyindlela yokusebenzisa izindlela zemishini, izindlela zamakhemikhali, noma inhlanganisela yazo zombili izindlela ukuhlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zefayibha yezitshalo zibe yi-pulp yemvelo noma i-pulp e-bleached. Ukwenza iphepha inqubo yokuhlanganisa imicu ye-pulp elenga emanzini ngezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zibe amashidi ephepha ahlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukahlukene.
EShayina, ukusungulwa kwephepha kuthiwa kwenzeka ngenxa yomthenwa uCai Lun woBukhosi bukaHan (cishe ngo-105 AD; inothi lomhleli wenguqulo yesiShayina: ucwaningo lwamuva nje lomlando lubonisa ukuthi lesi sikhathi kufanele siqhutshwe phambili). Iphepha ngaleso sikhathi lalenziwe ngezimpande ze-bamboo, ama-rags, i-hemp, njll. Inqubo yokukhiqiza yayihlanganisa ukubhoboza, ukubilisa, ukuhlunga, nokusabalalisa izinsalela ukuze zome elangeni. Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwephepha kwasakazeka kancane kancane enyakatho-ntshonalanga kanye nemisebenzi yezentengiselwano yeSilk Road. Ngo-793 AD, kwakhiwa umshini wokugaya iphepha eBaghdad, ePheresiya. Ukusuka lapha, ukwenziwa kwephepha kwasakazeka emazweni ase-Arab, okokuqala kwaya eDamaseku, kwabe sekuya eGibhithe naseMorocco, kwaze kwaba se-Exerovia eSpain. Ngo-1150 AD, amaMoor akha umshini wokuqala wokugaya iphepha eYurophu. Kamuva, kwasungulwa izindawo zokugaya amaphepha eHorantes, eFrance ngo-1189, eVabreano, e-Italy ngo-1260, naseJalimane ngo-1389. Ngemva kwalokho, kwaba nomthengisi waseLondon eNgilandi ogama lakhe linguJohn Tent owaqala ukwenza iphepha ngo-1498 ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uHenry II. Ngekhulu le-19, iphepha elenziwe ngezindwangu nezitshalo lathathelwa indawo yiphepha elenziwe nge-pulp yesitshalo.
Kungaziwa ngezinto ezitholwe ukuthi iphepha lokuqala lenziwa nge-hemp. Inqubo yokukhiqiza icishe ibe kanje: ukuphinda, okungukuthi, ukucwilisa i-hemp emanzini ukuze uyisuse; bese uyicubungula ibe yizintambo ze-hemp; bese ushaya izintambo ze-hemp, ezaziwa nangokuthi ukushaya, ukuze usakaze imicu ye-hemp; bese ekugcineni, ukudoba ngephepha, okungukuthi ukusakaza imicu ye-hemp ngokulinganayo ku-bamboo mat efakwe emanzini, bese uyikhipha bese uyomisa ukuze ibe yiphepha.
Le nqubo ifana kakhulu nendlela ye-flocculation, okubonisa ukuthi inqubo yokwenza iphepha yazalwa ngendlela ye-flocculation. Yiqiniso, iphepha lokuqala lalisaqinile kakhulu. I-fibre ye-hemp yayingagaywanga kahle, futhi i-fibre yayingasatshalaliswa ngokungalingani lapho yenziwa iphepha. Ngakho-ke, kwakungelula ukubhala kuyo, futhi yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ekupakisheni izinto.
Kodwa kwakungenxa yokubonakala kwalo ukuthi iphepha lokuqala emhlabeni labangela uguquko ezintweni zokubhala. Kulolu guquko lwezinto zokubhala, uCai Lun washiya igama lakhe emlandweni ngegalelo lakhe elibalulekile.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-13-2023