Yaya ake yin fiberglass?

Fiberglass yana nufin rukuni na samfuran da aka yi daga zare-zare na gilashi daban-daban waɗanda aka haɗa su zuwa nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban. Zare-zare na gilashi za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukuni biyu bisa ga yanayin su: zare-zare masu ci gaba da ake amfani da su a zare da yadi, da kuma zare-zare masu katsewa (gajere) da ake amfani da su azaman batts, barguna, ko allo don rufi da tacewa. Ana iya ƙirƙirar fiberglass zuwa zare kamar ulu ko auduga, kuma a saka shi cikin yadi wanda wani lokacin ana amfani da shi don labule. Ana amfani da yadi na fiberglass azaman kayan ƙarfafawa don robobi da aka yi da aka yi da laminated. Ulu na fiberglass, wani abu mai kauri, mai laushi wanda aka yi da zare-zare masu katsewa, ana amfani da shi don rufi na zafi da shayewar sauti. Ana samunsa galibi a cikin manyan jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa; sassan injin mota da layin panel na jiki; a cikin tanderu da na'urorin sanyaya iska; allunan bango da rufi na acoustic; da kuma sassan gine-gine. Ana iya keɓance fiberglass don takamaiman aikace-aikace kamar Nau'in E (na lantarki), wanda ake amfani da shi azaman tef ɗin rufi na lantarki, yadi da ƙarfafawa; Nau'in C (sinadaran), wanda ke da juriyar acid mafi girma, da Nau'in T, don rufi na zafi.

Duk da cewa amfani da zare na gilashi a kasuwanci kwanan nan ne, masu fasaha sun ƙirƙiri zare na gilashi don ƙawata kofuna da furanni a lokacin Renaissance. Wani masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Faransa, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, ya samar da yadi da aka yi wa ado da zare na gilashi mai kyau a shekarar 1713, kuma masu ƙirƙira na Burtaniya sun kwaikwayi wannan aikin a shekarar 1822. Wani mai ɗinka siliki na Burtaniya ya yi yadi na gilashi a shekarar 1842, wani kuma mai ƙirƙira, Edward Libbey, ya nuna rigar da aka saka da gilashi a bikin baje kolin Columbian na shekarar 1893 da ke Chicago.

Ulu mai laushi na zare mai katsewa a tsawon lokaci, an fara samar da shi a Turai a farkon karni, ta amfani da tsarin da ya haɗa da zare daga sanduna a kwance zuwa ganga mai juyawa. Shekaru da dama bayan haka, an ƙirƙiri tsarin juyawa kuma an ba da izinin mallaka. An ƙera kayan rufe gilashin fiber a Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Bincike da haɓakawa da nufin samar da zare na gilashi a masana'antu ya ci gaba a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1930, ƙarƙashin jagorancin manyan kamfanoni biyu, Owens-Illinois Glass Company da Corning Glass Works. Waɗannan kamfanoni sun ƙirƙiri zare na gilashi mai kyau, mai laushi, mai araha ta hanyar zana gilashin da aka narke ta cikin ramuka masu kyau. A cikin 1938, waɗannan kamfanoni biyu sun haɗu don kafa Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Yanzu ana kiranta da Owens-Corning, ya zama kamfani na dala biliyan 3 a shekara, kuma jagora ne a kasuwar fiberglass.

Kayan Danye

Babban kayan da ake amfani da su wajen samar da fiberglass sune nau'ikan ma'adanai na halitta da sinadarai da aka ƙera. Manyan sinadaran sune yashi silica, dutse mai laushi, da kuma ash na soda. Sauran sinadaran na iya haɗawa da alumina mai ƙamshi, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, da yumbu na kaolin, da sauransu. Ana amfani da yashi silica azaman tsohon gilashin, kuma ash na soda da dutse mai laushi suna taimakawa musamman wajen rage zafin narkewa. Ana amfani da wasu sinadaran don inganta wasu halaye, kamar borax don juriya ga sinadarai. Ana kuma amfani da gilashin sharar gida, wanda kuma ake kira cullet, azaman kayan da aka ƙera. Dole ne a auna kayan da aka ƙera a hankali a daidai adadin da aka ƙayyade sannan a haɗa su sosai (wanda ake kira batching) kafin a narke su zama gilashi.

Masana'antu
Tsarin aiki

Narkewa

Da zarar an shirya kayan, ana zuba su a cikin tanderu don narkewa. Ana iya dumama tanderun ta hanyar wutar lantarki, man fetur, ko haɗuwa da su biyun. Dole ne a daidaita zafin jiki daidai don kiyaye kwararar gilashi mai santsi da kwanciyar hankali. Dole ne a ajiye gilashin da aka narke a zafin jiki mafi girma (kimanin 2500°F [1371°C]) fiye da sauran nau'ikan gilashi don a samar da zare. Da zarar gilashin ya narke, ana canja shi zuwa kayan aikin da aka samar ta hanyar tashar (gaba) da ke ƙarshen tanderun.

Yana ƙirƙirar zaruruwa

Ana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don samar da zare, ya danganta da nau'in zare. Zare na yadi na iya samuwa daga gilashin narke kai tsaye daga tanda, ko kuma gilashin narke za a iya ciyar da shi da farko zuwa injin da ke samar da marmara na gilashi mai girman inci 0.62 (1.6 cm) a diamita. Waɗannan marmara suna ba da damar duba gilashin a gani don ganin ko akwai ƙazanta. A cikin tsarin narkewa kai tsaye da narke marmara, ana ciyar da gilashin ko gilashin ta hanyar bushings masu dumama da wutar lantarki (wanda kuma ake kira spinnerets). An yi bushing ɗin da platinum ko ƙarfe gami, tare da ko'ina daga 200 zuwa 3,000 masu kyau. Gilashin narke yana ratsa ramukan kuma yana fitowa a matsayin ƙananan zare.

Tsarin filament mai ci gaba

Ana iya samar da dogon zare mai ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin zare mai ci gaba. Bayan gilashin ya ratsa ramukan da ke cikin bushing, zare da yawa suna taruwa a kan na'urar zare mai sauri. Na'urar zare tana juyawa a kimanin mil 2 (kilomita 3) a minti daya, fiye da saurin kwarara daga bushings. Tashin hankali yana fitar da zare yayin da yake narkewa, yana samar da zare kamar diamita na ramukan da ke cikin bushing. Ana amfani da na'urar ɗaure sinadarai, wanda ke taimakawa wajen hana zare ya karye yayin sarrafawa daga baya. Sannan ana ɗaure zare a kan bututu. Yanzu ana iya murɗa shi a saka shi cikin zare.

Tsarin fiber mai ƙarfi

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce tsarin zare mai kauri. Yayin da gilashin da ke narkewa ke ratsawa ta cikin bushings, jiragen iska suna sanyaya zare cikin sauri. Fashewar iska mai ƙarfi kuma tana karya zare zuwa tsawon inci 8-15 (20-38 cm). Waɗannan zare suna faɗuwa ta hanyar fesa mai a kan ganga mai juyawa, inda suke samar da siririn yanar gizo. Ana zana zare daga ganga kuma a ja shi zuwa zaren zare masu sassauƙa. Ana iya sarrafa wannan zare zuwa zare ta hanyar irin wannan tsarin da ake amfani da shi don ulu da auduga.

Zaren da aka yanke

Maimakon a samar da zare, zaren da ke ci gaba ko kuma mai tsayi za a iya yanka shi zuwa gajerun tsayi. Ana ɗora zaren a kan wani saitin bobbins, wanda ake kira creel, sannan a ja shi ta cikin injin da ke yanka shi zuwa gajerun guntu. Ana samar da zaren da aka yanka ya zama tabarmi inda ake ƙara manne. Bayan an gama shafawa a cikin tanda, ana naɗe tabarmar. Nauyi da kauri daban-daban suna ba da samfura don shingles, rufin da aka gina, ko tabarmar ado.

Ulu mai gilashi

Ana amfani da tsarin juyawa ko juyawa don yin ulu na gilashi. A cikin wannan tsari, gilashin narkewa daga tanda yana kwarara zuwa cikin akwati mai silinda mai ƙananan ramuka. Yayin da kwandon ke juyawa da sauri, rafukan gilashi a kwance suna fitowa daga ramukan. Rafukan gilashin narke suna canzawa zuwa zare ta hanyar iska mai ƙarfi, iskar gas mai zafi, ko duka biyun. Zaren suna faɗuwa akan bel ɗin jigilar kaya, inda suke haɗuwa da juna a cikin wani yanki mai laushi. Ana iya amfani da wannan don rufin, ko kuma a fesa ulu da abin ɗaurewa, a matse shi cikin kauri da ake so, a warke a cikin tanda. Zafin yana saita abin ɗaurewa, kuma samfurin da aka samu na iya zama allo mai tauri ko rabin tauri, ko kuma batt mai sassauƙa.

Rufin kariya

Baya ga manne, ana buƙatar wasu manne don samfuran fiberglass. Ana amfani da man shafawa don rage gogewar zare kuma ana fesa su kai tsaye akan zare ko kuma a ƙara su cikin manne. Wani lokaci ana fesa wani abu mai hana tsatsa a saman tabarmar rufin fiberglass yayin matakin sanyaya. Iskar sanyaya da aka zana ta cikin tabarmar tana sa wakilin hana tsatsa ya ratsa dukkan kauri na tabarmar. Maganin hana tsatsa ya ƙunshi sinadarai guda biyu - kayan da ke rage samar da wutar lantarki mai tsauri, da kuma kayan da ke aiki a matsayin mai hana tsatsa da mai daidaita. Girman shine duk wani shafi da aka yi amfani da shi ga zare masu yadi a lokacin aikin ƙirƙirar, kuma yana iya ƙunsar ɗaya ko fiye da abubuwa (man shafawa, manne, ko wakilan haɗawa). Ana amfani da masu haɗa abubuwa akan zaren da za a yi amfani da su don ƙarfafa robobi, don ƙarfafa haɗin kayan da aka ƙarfafa. Wani lokaci ana buƙatar aikin gamawa don cire waɗannan manne, ko don ƙara wani shafi. Don ƙarfafa robobi, ana iya cire girma da zafi ko sinadarai kuma a shafa wakilin haɗawa. Don aikace-aikacen ado, dole ne a yi wa yadi magani da zafi don cire girma da kuma saita saƙa. Sannan a shafa fenti mai tushe kafin a mutu ko a buga shi.

Ƙirƙira siffofi

Kayayyakin fiberglass suna zuwa da siffofi iri-iri, waɗanda aka yi ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. Misali, ana ɗaure rufin bututun fiberglass a kan siffofi masu kama da sanda da ake kira mandrels kai tsaye daga sassan da aka samar, kafin a goge su. Ana samar da mold ɗin, tsawonsa ƙafa 3 (91 cm) ko ƙasa da haka, sannan a warke a cikin tanda. Sannan ana cire tsawon da aka tace a tsawonsa, sannan a yanka shi zuwa takamaiman girma. Ana shafa fuskoki idan ana buƙata, kuma ana naɗe samfurin don jigilar kaya.

Sarrafa Inganci

A lokacin samar da rufin fiberglass, ana ɗaukar samfurin kayan a wurare da dama a cikin aikin don kiyaye inganci. Waɗannan wurare sun haɗa da: gaurayen kayan da ake ciyarwa ga na'urar narke wutar lantarki; gilashin narkewa daga bushing wanda ke ciyar da fiberizer; zaren gilashi da ke fitowa daga injin fiberizer; da samfurin ƙarshe da aka warke daga ƙarshen layin samarwa. Ana nazarin samfuran gilashin da zare masu yawa don gano abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai da kuma kasancewar lahani ta amfani da na'urorin nazarin sinadarai masu inganci da na'urorin microscope. Ana samun rarraba girman barbashi na kayan batch ta hanyar ratsa kayan ta cikin sieves daban-daban. Ana auna samfurin ƙarshe don kauri bayan marufi bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Canji a cikin kauri yana nuna cewa ingancin gilashin ya ƙasa da ƙa'ida.

Masana'antun rufin fiberglass suna kuma amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na gwaji don aunawa, daidaitawa, da inganta juriyar sauti na samfur, shan sauti, da aikin shingen sauti. Ana iya sarrafa halayen sauti ta hanyar daidaita abubuwan da ake samarwa kamar diamita na fiber, yawan yawa, kauri, da abun da ke cikin mahaɗi. Ana amfani da irin wannan hanyar don sarrafa halayen zafi.

Makomar

Masana'antar fiberglass tana fuskantar wasu manyan ƙalubale a sauran shekarun 1990 da kuma bayan haka. Yawan masu samar da rufin fiberglass ya ƙaru saboda rassan kamfanonin ƙasashen waje na Amurka da kuma inganta yawan aiki daga masana'antun Amurka. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwar yawan aiki, wanda kasuwar yanzu da kuma wataƙila nan gaba ba za ta iya ɗaukar nauyinta ba.

Baya ga yawan ƙarfin da ake buƙata, sauran kayan rufin za su yi gogayya. An yi amfani da ulu na dutse sosai saboda sabbin gyare-gyaren tsari da samfura. Rufin kumfa wani madadin fiberglass ne a bangon gidaje da rufin kasuwanci. Wani kayan da ke fafatawa da juna shine cellulose, wanda ake amfani da shi a cikin rufin ɗaki.

Saboda ƙarancin buƙatar rufin gida saboda kasuwar gidaje mai laushi, masu amfani da kayayyaki suna buƙatar ƙarancin farashi. Wannan buƙatar kuma sakamakon ci gaba ne na haɗakar dillalai da 'yan kwangila. A martanin da ya mayar, masana'antar rufin fiberglass za ta ci gaba da rage farashi a manyan fannoni biyu: makamashi da muhalli. Dole ne a yi amfani da tanderu masu inganci waɗanda ba sa dogara da tushen makamashi ɗaya kawai.

Ganin cewa wuraren zubar da shara sun kai matsakaicin ƙarfin da ake buƙata, masana'antun fiberglass za su sami kusan sifili na fitar da shara mai ƙarfi ba tare da ƙara farashi ba. Wannan zai buƙaci inganta hanyoyin kera shara don rage shara (ga sharar ruwa da iskar gas) da kuma sake amfani da shara duk inda zai yiwu.

Irin wannan sharar na iya buƙatar sake sarrafawa da sake narkewa kafin sake amfani da shi azaman kayan aiki. Masana'antu da yawa sun riga sun magance waɗannan matsalolin.