Yuav ua li cas Fiberglass ua tau?

Fiberglass yog hais txog ib pawg khoom ua los ntawm cov iav fibers sib xyaw ua ke rau ntau hom. Cov iav fibers muaj peev xwm muab faib ua ob pawg loj raws li lawv cov geometry: cov fibers txuas ntxiv siv rau hauv cov xov paj thiab cov ntaub, thiab cov fibers luv luv (discontinuous) siv ua batts, pam, lossis boards rau kev rwb thaiv tsev thiab kev lim dej. Fiberglass tuaj yeem tsim ua cov xov paj zoo li cov plaub mos mos lossis paj rwb, thiab woven rau hauv cov ntaub uas qee zaum siv rau draperies. Fiberglass textiles feem ntau siv ua cov khoom siv txhawb nqa rau cov yas molded thiab laminated. Fiberglass wool, ib qho khoom tuab, fluffy ua los ntawm cov fibers discontinuous, yog siv rau kev rwb thaiv tsev thermal thiab kev nqus suab. Nws feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv lub nkoj thiab submarine bulkheads thiab hulls; lub tsheb cav compartments thiab lub cev vaj huam sib luag liners; nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg thiab cua txias units; phab ntsa acoustical thiab qab nthab panels; thiab architectural partitions. Fiberglass tuaj yeem tsim rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb xws li Hom E (hluav taws xob), siv ua hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev daim kab xev, textiles thiab kev txhawb nqa; Hom C (tshuaj lom neeg), uas muaj kev tiv thaiv acid zoo dua, thiab Hom T, rau kev rwb thaiv tsev thermal.

Txawm hais tias kev siv cov iav fiber rau kev lag luam yog qhov tsis ntev los no, cov kws txawj ua tes ua taw tau tsim cov iav rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj goblets thiab vases thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance. Ib tug kws tshawb fawb Fabkis, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, tau tsim cov ntaub uas dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov iav zoo hauv xyoo 1713, thiab cov neeg tsim khoom Askiv tau ua qhov kev ua tiav no hauv xyoo 1822. Ib tug neeg ntaus ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav Askiv tau ua ib daim ntaub iav hauv xyoo 1842, thiab lwm tus neeg tsim khoom, Edward Libbey, tau nthuav tawm ib lub tsho uas ua los ntawm iav ntawm xyoo 1893 Columbian Exposition hauv Chicago.

Cov ntaub iav, uas yog cov fiber ntau uas tsis sib txuas ua ke, tau tsim thawj zaug hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, siv cov txheej txheem uas cuam tshuam nrog kev rub cov fibers los ntawm cov pas nrig mus rau lub nruas tig. Ob peb xyoo caum tom qab, cov txheej txheem tig tau tsim thiab tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj. Cov khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev fiber iav tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Yelemees thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ib. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho uas tsom mus rau kev tsim cov fiber iav tau nce qib hauv Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1930, nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm ob lub tuam txhab loj, Owens-Illinois Glass Company thiab Corning Glass Works. Cov tuam txhab no tau tsim cov fiber iav zoo, yooj ywm, pheej yig los ntawm kev rub cov iav yaj los ntawm cov qhov me me. Xyoo 1938, ob lub tuam txhab no tau koom ua ke los ua Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Tam sim no hu ua Owens-Corning, nws tau dhau los ua lub tuam txhab $ 3-billion-ib xyoos, thiab yog tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam fiberglass.

Cov Khoom Siv Raw

Cov khoom siv raw rau cov khoom fiberglass yog ntau yam minerals ntuj thiab cov tshuaj tsim tawm. Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb yog silica xuab zeb, limestone, thiab soda tshauv. Lwm cov khoom xyaw yuav suav nrog calcined alumina, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, thiab kaolin av nplaum, ntawm lwm yam. Silica xuab zeb yog siv ua lub khob iav, thiab soda tshauv thiab limestone pab txo qhov kub yaj. Lwm cov khoom xyaw yog siv los txhim kho qee yam khoom, xws li borax rau kev tiv thaiv tshuaj lom neeg. Cov iav khib nyiab, tseem hu ua cullet, kuj siv ua cov khoom siv raw. Cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum tau hnyav kom zoo zoo hauv qhov ntau thiab sib xyaw ua ke (hu ua batching) ua ntej yaj rau hauv iav.

Kev Tsim Khoom
Txheej Txheem

Yaj

Thaum cov khoom tiav lawm, nws yuav raug pub rau hauv lub cub tawg kom yaj. Lub cub tawg yuav raug cua sov los ntawm hluav taws xob, roj av, lossis kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob qho tib si. Yuav tsum tswj qhov kub kom meej kom tswj tau qhov ntws ntawm iav kom du thiab ruaj khov. Cov iav uas yaj yuav tsum khaws cia rau qhov kub siab dua (kwv yees li 2500 ° F [1371 ° C]) dua li lwm hom iav kom thiaj li ua tau fiber. Thaum cov iav yaj, nws yuav raug xa mus rau cov khoom siv tsim los ntawm ib txoj kab (forehearth) nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub cub tawg.

Tsim ua cov fibers

Muaj ntau txoj kev sib txawv siv los tsim cov fibers, nyob ntawm seb hom fiber. Cov ntaub fibers yuav raug tsim los ntawm cov iav molten ncaj qha los ntawm lub cub tawg, lossis cov iav molten yuav raug pub ua ntej rau lub tshuab uas tsim cov iav marbles ntawm kwv yees li 0.62 nti (1.6 cm) hauv txoj kab uas hla. Cov marbles no tso cai rau lub iav kom raug kuaj xyuas pom kev rau cov khoom tsis huv. Hauv ob qho tib si yaj ncaj qha thiab cov txheej txheem yaj marble, cov iav lossis iav marbles raug pub los ntawm cov bushings cua sov hluav taws xob (tseem hu ua spinnerets). Lub bushing yog ua los ntawm platinum lossis hlau alloy, nrog txhua qhov chaw ntawm 200 txog 3,000 qhov zoo heev. Cov iav molten dhau los ntawm cov orifices thiab tawm los ua cov filaments zoo.

Cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv mus tas li

Ib txoj hlua fiber ntev, txuas ntxiv mus tuaj yeem tsim tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv mus. Tom qab lub iav ntws los ntawm cov qhov hauv lub bushing, ntau txoj hlua raug ntes rau ntawm lub tshuab cua ceev. Lub tshuab cua tig ntawm kwv yees li 2 mais (3 km) ib feeb, sai dua li qhov nrawm ntawm cov dej ntws los ntawm lub bushings. Qhov kev nruj rub tawm cov filaments thaum tseem yaj, tsim cov hlua ib feem ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov qhib hauv lub bushing. Ib qho tshuaj khi tau siv, uas pab tiv thaiv cov fiber kom tsis txhob tawg thaum lub sijhawm ua tiav tom qab. Tom qab ntawd lub filament raug qhwv rau ntawm cov raj. Tam sim no nws tuaj yeem ntswj thiab plied rau hauv xov paj.

Cov txheej txheem staple-fiber

Lwm txoj kev yog cov txheej txheem staplefiber. Thaum cov iav molten ntws los ntawm cov bushings, cov dav hlau ntawm huab cua sai sai txias cov filaments. Cov cua turbulent bursts kuj rhuav cov filaments mus rau hauv qhov ntev ntawm 8-15 nti (20-38 cm). Cov filaments no poob los ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag ntawm cov roj nplua nyeem rau ntawm lub nruas tig, qhov chaw uas lawv tsim ib lub web nyias. Lub web yog rub los ntawm lub nruas thiab rub mus rau hauv ib txoj hlua txuas ntxiv ntawm cov fibers sib dhos xoob. Cov strand no tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov xov los ntawm cov txheej txheem tib yam siv rau wool thiab paj rwb.

Cov fiber txiav

Es tsis txhob ua kom ua xov paj, cov xov paj uas txuas ntxiv mus los yog ntev yuav raug txiav ua tej daim luv luv. Cov xov paj no tau teeb tsa rau ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov bobbins, hu ua creel, thiab rub los ntawm lub tshuab uas txiav nws ua tej daim luv luv. Cov fiber uas txiav lawm tau tsim ua cov lev uas muaj cov binder ntxiv rau. Tom qab kho hauv qhov cub, cov lev raug dov. Ntau qhov hnyav thiab tuab muab cov khoom rau cov shingles, cov ru tsev uas tau tsim, lossis cov lev kho kom zoo nkauj.

Cov ntaub iav

Cov txheej txheem rotary lossis spinner siv los ua cov iav wool. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov iav yaj los ntawm lub cub tawg ntws mus rau hauv lub thawv cylindrical uas muaj qhov me me. Thaum lub thawv tig sai sai, cov dej iav kab rov tav ntws tawm ntawm cov qhov. Cov dej iav yaj raug hloov mus ua cov fibers los ntawm kev tawg ntawm huab cua, roj kub, lossis ob qho tib si. Cov fibers poob rau ntawm txoj siv conveyor, qhov chaw uas lawv sib tshuam ua ib pawg fleecy. Qhov no tuaj yeem siv rau kev rwb thaiv tsev, lossis cov wool tuaj yeem txau nrog cov binder, nias rau hauv qhov tuab xav tau, thiab kho hauv qhov cub. Qhov kub teeb tsa cov binder, thiab cov khoom tshwm sim yuav yog lub rooj tsavxwm lossis semi-rigid, lossis lub roj teeb yooj ywm.

Cov txheej tiv thaiv

Ntxiv rau cov binders, lwm cov txheej txheej yog qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov khoom fiberglass. Cov roj nplua nyeem yog siv los txo cov fiber abrasion thiab yog txau ncaj qha rau ntawm cov fiber lossis ntxiv rau hauv cov binder. Ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv static kuj qee zaum kuj txau rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev mats thaum lub sijhawm txias. Cua txias rub los ntawm lub lev ua rau tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv static nkag mus rau tag nrho cov tuab ntawm lub lev. Tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv static muaj ob qho khoom xyaw - ib qho khoom siv uas txo qhov tsim hluav taws xob static, thiab ib qho khoom siv uas ua haujlwm ua tus tiv thaiv xeb thiab stabilizer. Kev ntsuas qhov loj me yog txhua txheej txheej siv rau cov ntaub textile hauv kev ua haujlwm tsim, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj ib lossis ntau yam khoom (cov roj nplua nyeem, cov binders, lossis cov neeg sawv cev txuas). Cov neeg sawv cev txuas yog siv rau ntawm cov xov uas yuav siv rau cov yas txhawb nqa, kom txhawb nqa kev sib txuas rau cov khoom siv txhawb nqa. Qee zaum kev ua tiav yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tshem tawm cov txheej txheej no, lossis ntxiv lwm txheej txheej. Rau cov yas txhawb nqa, kev ntsuas qhov loj me tuaj yeem tshem tawm nrog cua sov lossis tshuaj lom neeg thiab tus neeg sawv cev txuas siv. Rau cov ntawv thov kho kom zoo nkauj, cov ntaub yuav tsum tau kho cua sov kom tshem tawm cov qhov loj me thiab teeb tsa cov ntaub. Cov xim pleev xim tom qab ntawd raug siv ua ntej yuav zas xim lossis luam ntawv.

Kev tsim ua duab

Cov khoom fiberglass muaj ntau yam duab sib txawv, ua los ntawm ntau txoj kev. Piv txwv li, cov yeeb nkab fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev raug qhwv rau ntawm cov duab zoo li pas nrig hu ua mandrels ncaj qha los ntawm cov chav tsim, ua ntej kho. Cov pwm tsim, uas ntev li 3 feet (91 cm) lossis tsawg dua, ces kho hauv qhov cub. Cov qhov ntev kho lawm ces raug tshem tawm raws li qhov ntev, thiab txiav mus rau hauv qhov loj me uas tau teev tseg. Cov ntsej muag raug siv yog tias xav tau, thiab cov khoom raug ntim rau kev xa khoom.

Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo

Thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev, cov khoom siv raug kuaj ntawm ntau qhov chaw hauv cov txheej txheem kom tswj tau qhov zoo. Cov chaw no suav nrog: cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke raug pub rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob melter; iav yaj los ntawm lub bushing uas pub rau lub fiberizer; iav fiber tawm ntawm lub tshuab fiberizer; thiab cov khoom kho zaum kawg tawm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cov kab ntau lawm. Cov iav thiab fiber ntau raug tshuaj xyuas rau cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab qhov muaj qhov tsis zoo siv cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov tshuab microscopes. Kev faib tawm qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom siv yog tau los ntawm kev dhau cov khoom siv los ntawm ntau lub sieves sib txawv. Cov khoom kawg raug ntsuas rau qhov tuab tom qab ntim khoom raws li cov lus qhia. Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov tuab qhia tau tias qhov zoo ntawm iav qis dua tus qauv.

Cov chaw tsim khoom siv fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev kuj siv ntau yam txheej txheem xeem txheem los ntsuas, kho, thiab ua kom zoo dua qhov tsis kam ntawm cov khoom, kev nqus suab, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub suab. Cov khoom siv suab tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm xws li txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov fiber, qhov ceev ntawm cov khoom, qhov tuab, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom sib txuas. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws yog siv los tswj cov khoom siv thermal.

Yav Tom Ntej

Kev lag luam fiberglass ntsib qee qhov teeb meem loj thaum xyoo 1990 thiab tom qab ntawd. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev tau nce ntxiv vim yog Asmeskas cov tuam txhab koom tes ntawm cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws thiab kev txhim kho hauv kev tsim khoom los ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom hauv Asmeskas. Qhov no ua rau muaj peev xwm ntau dhau, uas kev ua lag luam tam sim no thiab tej zaum yav tom ntej tsis tuaj yeem ua tau.

Ntxiv rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntau dhau, lwm cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev yuav sib tw. Cov pob zeb wool tau siv dav vim yog cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom lag luam tsis ntev los no. Kev rwb thaiv tsev ua npuas ncauj yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau fiberglass hauv phab ntsa tsev thiab ru tsev lag luam. Lwm cov khoom sib tw yog cellulose, uas yog siv rau hauv kev rwb thaiv tsev attic.

Vim tias qhov kev thov tsawg rau cov khoom rwb thaiv tsev vim yog kev ua lag luam vaj tse tsis muaj zog, cov neeg siv khoom tab tom thov kom muaj tus nqi qis dua. Qhov kev thov no kuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khw muag khoom thiab cov neeg cog lus. Ua teb rau qhov no, kev lag luam fiberglass rwb thaiv tsev yuav tsum txuas ntxiv txiav cov nqi hauv ob qho tseem ceeb: lub zog thiab ib puag ncig. Yuav tsum siv cov cub tawg zoo dua uas tsis tsuas yog siv ib qho chaw ntawm lub zog xwb.

Thaum cov chaw pov tseg khib nyiab muaj peev xwm ntau tshaj plaws, cov chaw tsim khoom fiberglass yuav tsum ua tiav ze li xoom cov zis ntawm cov khib nyiab khov yam tsis nce nqi. Qhov no yuav xav tau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom kom txo cov khib nyiab (rau cov kua thiab cov khib nyiab roj) thiab rov siv cov khib nyiab txhua qhov chaw uas ua tau.

Cov khib nyiab no yuav xav tau kev rov ua dua thiab yaj dua ua ntej siv dua ua cov khoom siv raw. Muaj ntau lub tuam txhab tsim khoom twb tau daws cov teeb meem no lawm.