Kodi Fiberglass imapangidwa bwanji?

Fiberglass imatanthauza gulu la zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wagalasi wosiyana siyana. Ulusi wagalasi ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo: ulusi wopitilira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ulusi ndi nsalu, ndi ulusi wosasunthika (waufupi) womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma batts, mabulangeti, kapena matabwa otetezera ndi kusefa. Fiberglass ikhoza kupangidwa kukhala ulusi ngati ubweya kapena thonje, ndikulukidwa kukhala nsalu yomwe nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makatani. Nsalu za Fiberglass nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zolimbikitsira mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi laminated. Ubweya wa Fiberglass, chinthu chokhuthala, chofewa chopangidwa kuchokera ku ulusi wosasunthika, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza kutentha ndi kuyamwa phokoso. Chimapezeka kwambiri m'mabwalo ndi ma hulls a sitima ndi sitima zapamadzi; zipinda zamagalimoto ndi ma panel liners a thupi; m'mauvuni ndi mayunitsi a air conditioner; makoma ndi ma panel a padenga; ndi magawo omanga. Fiberglass ikhoza kupangidwira ntchito zinazake monga Type E (yamagetsi), yogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tepi yotetezera magetsi, nsalu ndi zolimbitsa; Type C (mankhwala), yomwe ili ndi kukana kwa asidi kwambiri, ndi Type T, yotetezera kutentha.

Ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ulusi wagalasi m'malonda ndi kwaposachedwa, akatswiri aluso adapanga ulusi wagalasi wokongoletsera zikho ndi miphika panthawi ya Renaissance. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zaku France, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, adapanga nsalu zokongoletsedwa ndi ulusi wagalasi wabwino mu 1713, ndipo opanga zinthu aku Britain adapanganso izi mu 1822. Wopanga silika waku Britain adapanga nsalu yagalasi mu 1842, ndipo wopanga wina, Edward Libbey, adawonetsa diresi yolukidwa ndi galasi pa chiwonetsero cha Columbian cha 1893 ku Chicago.

Ubweya wagalasi, womwe ndi ulusi wofewa wa ulusi wosasinthasintha, unapangidwa koyamba ku Europe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira ulusi kuchokera ku ndodo zopingasa kupita ku ng'oma yozungulira. Patatha zaka makumi angapo, njira yozungulira idapangidwa ndipo idapangidwa ndi patent. Zipangizo zotetezera ulusi wagalasi zinapangidwa ku Germany panthawi ya Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba. Kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cholinga chake chinali kupanga ulusi wagalasi m'mafakitale ku United States m'ma 1930, motsogozedwa ndi makampani awiri akuluakulu, Owens-Illinois Glass Company ndi Corning Glass Works. Makampaniwa adapanga ulusi wagalasi wabwino, wopindika, komanso wotsika mtengo pojambula galasi losungunuka kudzera m'mabowo abwino kwambiri. Mu 1938, makampani awiriwa adagwirizana kuti apange Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Tsopano imadziwika kuti Owens-Corning, yakhala kampani yolemera $3 biliyoni pachaka, ndipo ndi mtsogoleri pamsika wa fiberglass.

Zida zogwiritsira ntchito

Zipangizo zoyambira zopangira fiberglass ndi mchere wachilengedwe wosiyanasiyana ndi mankhwala opangidwa. Zosakaniza zazikulu ndi mchenga wa silica, limestone, ndi soda ash. Zosakaniza zina zitha kukhala ndi calcium alumina, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, ndi dongo la kaolin, pakati pa zina. Mchenga wa silica umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati galasi lopangira, ndipo soda ash ndi limestone zimathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kutentha kwa kusungunuka. Zosakaniza zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza zinthu zina, monga borax kuti isawonongeke ndi mankhwala. Galasi lotayira, lomwe limatchedwanso cullet, limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira. Zipangizozo ziyenera kuyezedwa mosamala mu kuchuluka koyenera ndikusakaniza bwino (kotchedwa batching) musanasungunuke mu galasi.

Kupanga
Ndondomeko

Kusungunuka

Gulu lonse likakonzedwa, limayikidwa mu ng'anjo kuti lisungunuke. Ng'anjoyo ikhoza kutenthedwa ndi magetsi, mafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale, kapena kuphatikiza zonsezi. Kutentha kuyenera kulamulidwa bwino kuti galasi liziyenda bwino komanso mosasunthika. Galasi losungunuka liyenera kusungidwa kutentha kwambiri (pafupifupi 2500°F [1371°C]) kuposa mitundu ina ya galasi kuti lipangidwe ulusi. Galasi likasungunuka, limasamutsidwira ku zipangizo zopangira kudzera mu ngalande (forehearth) yomwe ili kumapeto kwa ng'anjoyo.

Kupanga ulusi

Njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ulusi, kutengera mtundu wa ulusi. Ulusi wa nsalu ukhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku galasi losungunuka mwachindunji kuchokera mu uvuni, kapena galasi losungunuka lingaperekedwe kaye ku makina omwe amapanga ma marble agalasi okwana mainchesi 1.6 (1.6 cm) m'mimba mwake. Ma marble awa amalola galasi kuti liziyang'aniridwa ndi maso kuti liwone ngati pali zodetsa. Mu njira yosungunuka mwachindunji komanso yosungunuka ndi marble, ma marble agalasi kapena galasi amaperekedwa kudzera mu bushings zotenthedwa ndi magetsi (zomwe zimatchedwanso spinnerets). Bushing imapangidwa ndi platinamu kapena alloy yachitsulo, yokhala ndi ma orifice abwino kwambiri kuyambira 200 mpaka 3,000. Galasi losungunuka limadutsa m'ma orifice ndipo limatuluka ngati ulusi wabwino.

Njira yopitilira ya ulusi

Ulusi wautali komanso wopitilira ungapangidwe kudzera mu njira yopitilira ya ulusi. Galasi ikadutsa m'mabowo omwe ali mu bushing, zingwe zingapo zimagwidwa ndi chowongolera champhamvu. Chowongolera chimazungulira pafupifupi makilomita atatu pamphindi, mwachangu kwambiri kuposa liwiro la kuyenda kuchokera ku bushings. Kukanikiza kumakoka ulusiwo ukadali wosungunuka, ndikupanga zingwe zochepa za mainchesi a m'bushing. Cholumikizira cha mankhwala chimayikidwa, chomwe chimathandiza kuti ulusiwo usasweke panthawi yokonza pambuyo pake. Kenako ulusiwo umakulungidwa pamachubu. Tsopano ukhoza kupotozedwa ndikuyikidwa mu ulusi.

Njira yopangira ulusi wofunikira

Njira ina ndi njira ya staplefiber. Pamene galasi losungunuka likuyenda m'mabowo, mpweya wothamanga umaziziritsa ulusi mwachangu. Mpweya wothamanga umaswanso ulusiwo m'litali la mainchesi 20-38 (20-38 cm). Ulusiwu umagwera kudzera mu mafuta opopera pa ng'oma yozungulira, komwe umapanga ukonde woonda. Ukondewo umatengedwa kuchokera ku ng'omayo ndikukokedwa mu ulusi wopitirira wa ulusi wosonkhanitsidwa mosasunthika. Ulusiwu ukhoza kusinthidwa kukhala ulusi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ubweya ndi thonje.

Ulusi wodulidwa

M'malo mopangidwa kukhala ulusi, ulusi wopitilira kapena wautali ukhoza kudulidwa kukhala utali waufupi. Ulusiwo umayikidwa pa gulu la ma bobbins, otchedwa creel, ndipo umakokedwa kudzera mu makina omwe amaudula kukhala zidutswa zazifupi. Ulusi wodulidwawo umapangidwa kukhala mphasa zomwe zimawonjezeredwa chomangira. Pambuyo pouma mu uvuni, mphasayo imakulungidwa. Zolemera zosiyanasiyana ndi makulidwe amapereka zinthu zopangira ma shingles, denga lomangidwa, kapena mphasa zokongoletsa.

Ubweya wagalasi

Njira yozungulira kapena yozungulira imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ubweya wagalasi. Munjira imeneyi, galasi losungunuka kuchokera mu uvuni limalowa mu chidebe chozungulira chokhala ndi mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Pamene chidebecho chikuzungulira mofulumira, mitsinje yopingasa yagalasi imatuluka m'mabowo. Mitsinje yagalasi yosungunuka imasandulika ulusi ndi mpweya wotsika, mpweya wotentha, kapena zonse ziwiri. Ulusi umagwera pa lamba wonyamulira, komwe umalumikizana wina ndi mnzake mu chidebe chofewa. Izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poteteza kutentha, kapena ubweya ukhoza kupopedwa ndi chomangira, kukanikiza mu makulidwe omwe mukufuna, ndikutsukidwa mu uvuni. Kutentha kumayika chomangira, ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale bolodi lolimba kapena lolimba pang'ono, kapena batt yosinthasintha.

Zophimba zoteteza

Kuwonjezera pa zomangira, zinthu zina zofunika pa zinthu zopangidwa ndi fiberglass. Mafuta opaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kusweka kwa ulusi ndipo amapopedwa mwachindunji pa ulusi kapena kuwonjezeredwa mu chomangira. Nthawi zina chomangira chotsutsana ndi static chimapopedwanso pamwamba pa ma fiberglass insulation mats panthawi yozizira. Mpweya wozizira womwe umakokedwa kudzera mu mphasa umapangitsa kuti anti-static agent ilowe mkati mwa makulidwe onse a mphasa. Mankhwala otsutsana ndi static ali ndi zosakaniza ziwiri—chinthu chomwe chimachepetsa kupanga magetsi osasunthika, ndi chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati choletsa dzimbiri komanso chokhazikika. Kukula ndi utoto uliwonse womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ulusi wa nsalu pakupanga, ndipo ukhoza kukhala ndi gawo limodzi kapena angapo (mafuta opaka, zomangira, kapena othandizira ophatikiza). Mankhwala ophatikiza amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulusi womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbitsa mapulasitiki, kulimbitsa mgwirizano ndi chinthu cholimbikitsidwa. Nthawi zina ntchito yomaliza imafunika kuchotsa zomangira izi, kapena kuwonjezera utoto wina. Pa zomangira pulasitiki, kukula kumatha kuchotsedwa ndi kutentha kapena mankhwala ndikugwiritsa ntchito chomangira cholumikizira. Pazokongoletsera, nsalu ziyenera kutenthedwa kuti zichotse kukula ndi kukhazikitsa ulusi. Kenako utoto wopaka pansi umayikidwa musanaume kapena kusindikizidwa.

Kupanga mawonekedwe

Zinthu zopangidwa ndi fiberglass zimabwera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, chotetezera mapaipi a fiberglass chimakulungidwa pamitundu yonga ndodo yotchedwa mandrels mwachindunji kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira, isanaume. Mapangidwe a nkhungu, okhala ndi kutalika kwa mapazi 3 (91 cm) kapena kuchepera, amatsukidwa mu uvuni. Kutalika kwa nkhungu kumachotsedwa kutalika, ndikudulidwa mu miyeso yodziwika. Mawonekedwe amayikidwa ngati pakufunika, ndipo chinthucho chimapakidwa kuti chitumizidwe.

Kuwongolera Ubwino

Pakupanga fiberglass insulation, zinthuzo zimasampulidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana kuti zisunge mtundu wake. Malo awa akuphatikizapo: gulu losakanikirana lomwe limaperekedwa ku chosungunula chamagetsi; galasi losungunuka kuchokera ku bushing lomwe limadyetsa fiberizer; ulusi wagalasi wotuluka mumakina opangira fiberizer; ndi chinthu chomaliza chotsukidwa chomwe chimatuluka kumapeto kwa mzere wopangira. Zitsanzo zagalasi lalikulu ndi ulusi zimasanthulidwa kuti ziwone kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi kupezeka kwa zolakwika pogwiritsa ntchito zowunikira mankhwala zamakono ndi ma microscope. Kugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwa zinthuzo kumachitika podutsa zinthuzo m'masefa osiyanasiyana amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chogulitsa chomaliza chimayesedwa makulidwe pambuyo poyika malinga ndi zofunikira. Kusintha kwa makulidwe kumasonyeza kuti mtundu wagalasi uli pansi pa muyezo.

Opanga zotetezera ma fiberglass amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera kuti ayesere, kusintha, ndikukonza kukana kwa mawu, kuyamwa kwa mawu, komanso magwiridwe antchito oletsa mawu. Makhalidwe a mawu amatha kuwongoleredwa posintha zinthu monga kukula kwa ulusi, kuchuluka kwa ulusi, makulidwe, ndi kuchuluka kwa binder. Njira yofananayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera mawonekedwe a kutentha.

Tsogolo

Makampani opanga fiberglass akukumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu m'zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi kupitirira apo. Chiwerengero cha opanga fiberglass insulation chawonjezeka chifukwa cha makampani aku America akunja komanso kupita patsogolo kwa opanga aku US. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zambiri, zomwe msika wamakono komanso wamtsogolo sungakwaniritse.

Kuwonjezera pa mphamvu yochulukirapo, zinthu zina zotetezera kutentha zidzapikisana. Ubweya wa miyala wagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwaposachedwa kwa njira ndi zinthu. Kuteteza kutentha kwa thovu ndi njira ina m'malo mwa fiberglass m'makoma a nyumba ndi madenga amalonda. Chinthu china chotsutsana ndi cellulose, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza kutentha kwa padenga.

Chifukwa cha kufunikira kochepa kwa zinthu zotetezera kutentha chifukwa cha msika wa nyumba zofewa, ogula akufuna mitengo yotsika. Kufunika kumeneku kwachitikanso chifukwa cha kupitirizabe kuphatikiza ogulitsa ndi makontrakitala. Poyankha, makampani opanga zinthu zotetezera kutentha kwa fiberglass ayenera kupitiriza kuchepetsa ndalama m'magawo awiri akuluakulu: mphamvu ndi chilengedwe. Ma uvuni ogwira ntchito bwino adzayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito omwe sadalira gwero limodzi lokha la mphamvu.

Popeza malo otayira zinyalala afika pamlingo waukulu, opanga fiberglass adzayenera kupeza pafupifupi palibe kutulutsa zinyalala zolimba popanda kuwonjezera ndalama. Izi zidzafuna kukonza njira zopangira kuti zichepetse zinyalala (za zinyalala zamadzimadzi ndi gasi) ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala momwe zingathere.

Zinyalala zotere zingafunike kukonzedwanso ndi kusungunukanso musanagwiritsenso ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira. Opanga angapo akuyamba kale kuthana ndi mavutowa.