Fiberglass inogadzirwa sei?

Fiberglass inoreva boka rezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa neshinda dzegirazi dzakasanganiswa kuita mafomu akasiyana-siyana. Matayi egirazi anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru zvichienderana nejometri rawo: shinda dzinoenderera mberi dzinoshandiswa mushinda nemachira, uye shinda dzisina kugadzikana (pfupi) dzinoshandiswa semabhati, magumbeze, kana mapuranga ekudzivirira nekusefa. Fiberglass inogona kugadzirwa kuita shinda yakafanana nemvere dzemakwai kana donje, uye yakarukwa kuita jira iro dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa kugadzira machira. Matayi eFiberglass anowanzo shandiswa sechinhu chekusimbisa mapurasitiki akaumbwa uye akasungirirwa. Matayi eFiberglass, chinhu chakakora, chakapfava chakagadzirwa neshinda dzisina kugadzikana, chinoshandiswa mukudzivirira kupisa nekunyudza ruzha. Chinowanzo kuwanikwa muzvikepe zvengarava nepasi pemvura uye mahull; zvikamu zveinjini dzemotokari uye mapaneru emuviri; mumaovheni nemayuniti emhepo; mapaneru emadziro nedenga remagetsi; uye zvikamu zvezvivakwa. Fiberglass inogona kugadzirwa kuti ishandiswe senge Type E (yemagetsi), inoshandiswa setepi yekudzivirira magetsi, machira nekusimbisa; Type C (makemikari), ine simba rekudzivirira acid, uye Type T, yekudzivirira kupisa.

Kunyange hazvo kushandiswa kwegirazi fiber mukutengeserana kuri kwechinguvana, mhizha dzakagadzira tambo dzegirazi dzekushongedza magirazi nemavhasi panguva yeRenaissance. Nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuFrance, Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, akagadzira machira akashongedzwa netambo dzegirazi dzakanaka muna 1713, uye vagadziri vekuBritain vakatevedzera basa iri muna 1822. Muruki wesiriki wekuBritain akagadzira jira regirazi muna 1842, uye mumwe mugadziri, Edward Libbey, akaratidza dhirezi rakarukwa negirazi paColumbian Exposition muna 1893 muChicago.

Makushe egirazi, shinda yeshinda isina kusimba, yakatanga kugadzirwa muEurope pakutanga kwezana remakore, ichishandisa nzira yaisanganisira kudhonza machira kubva pamatanda akatwasuka kuenda kudhiramu rinotenderera. Makumi emakore akati wandei gare gare, nzira yekutenderera yakagadzirwa uye yakabvumidzwa. Zvinhu zvinodzivirira machira egirazi zvakagadzirwa muGermany munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. Tsvagiridzo nekuvandudzwa kwakanangana nekugadzirwa kwemachira egirazi mumaindasitiri kwakafambira mberi muUnited States muma1930, pasi pekutungamirirwa kwemakambani maviri makuru, Owens-Illinois Glass Company neCorning Glass Works. Makambani aya akagadzira fiber yegirazi yakanaka, inochinjika, uye inodhura zvishoma nekushandisa girazi rakanyungudutswa kuburikidza nematanda akanaka kwazvo. Muna 1938, makambani maviri aya akabatana kuti aumbe Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Iye zvino inozivikanwa seOwens-Corning, yava kambani inosvika mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora pagore, uye inotungamira mumusika wefiberglass.

Zvishandiso Zvisina Kugadzirwa

Zvinhu zvakakosha zvekugadzirwa kwefiberglass zvicherwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvechisikigo uye makemikari akagadzirwa. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinoshandiswa ijecha resilica, limestone, uye soda ash. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kusanganisira calcined alumina, borax, feldspar, nepheline syenite, magnesite, uye kaolin clay, pakati pezvimwe. Silica jecha rinoshandiswa segirazi, uye soda ash ne limestone zvinobatsira zvikuru kuderedza tembiricha yekunyunguduka. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa kuvandudza zvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita seborax yekudzivirira makemikari. Girazi remarara, rinonziwo cullet, rinoshandiswawo sezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa. Zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa zvinofanira kuyerwa nehuremu hwakakwana uye kusanganiswa zvakanaka (zvinonzi batching) zvisati zvanyungudutswa kuita girazi.

Kugadzira
Maitiro

Kunyunguduka

Kana bhachi ragadzirwa, rinoiswa muchoto kuti rinyunguduke. Choto chinogona kupiswa nemagetsi, mafuta efossil, kana musanganiswa wezvose zviri zviviri. Tembiricha inofanira kudzorwa nemazvo kuti girazi rirambe rakatsetseka uye rakagadzikana. Girazi rakanyungudutswa rinofanira kuchengetwa patembiricha yakakwira (inenge 2500°F [1371°C]) kupfuura mamwe marudzi egirazi kuitira kuti rigadzirwe kuita faibha. Kana girazi ranyungudutswa, rinoendeswa kumidziyo yekugadzira kuburikidza negwara (forehearth) riri pamagumo echoto.

Kugadzira mafiber

Maitiro akasiyana-siyana anoshandiswa kugadzira machira, zvichienderana nerudzi rwefaibha. Machira anogona kugadzirwa kubva mugirazi rakanyungudutswa zvakananga kubva muchoto, kana girazi rakanyungudutswa rinogona kutanga rapihwa kumuchina unogadzira magirazi emarble ane dhayamita inosvika 0.62 inch (1.6 cm) mudhayamita. Marumaru aya anobvumira girazi kuti riongororwe nemaziso kuti rionekwe kuti harina kuchena here. Mumaitiro ekunyungudutswa zvakananga uye ekunyungudutswa kwemarble, magirazi emarble kana egirazi anopihwa kuburikidza nemabushings anopisa emagetsi (anonziwo spinnerets). Bushing yakagadzirwa neplatinum kana simbi alloy, ine maburi akanaka kwazvo anosvika 200 kusvika 3,000. Girazi rakanyungudutswa rinopfuura nepakati pemaburi uye rinobuda semaburi akanaka.

Maitiro e-filament anoenderera mberi

Fiber refu, rinoramba richienderera mberi rinogona kugadzirwa kuburikidza nemaitiro e-continuous-filament process. Mushure mekunge girazi rayerera nepakati pemaburi ari mubushing, tambo dzakawanda dzinobatwa ne-high-speed winder. Winder inotenderera nemakiromita matatu paminiti, nekukurumidza kupfuura mwero wekuyerera kubva mubushings. Kusimba kunoburitsa tambo dzichiri kunyunguduka, zvichiita tambo diki yedhayamita yemaburi ari mubushing. Chemical binder inoiswa, iyo inobatsira kudzivirira tambo kuti isaputsike panguva yekugadzirisa gare gare. Fiber inozosungirirwa pamachubhu. Iye zvino inogona kumonyororwa uye kuiswa mushinda.

Maitiro eStaple-fiber

Imwe nzira ndeye staplefiber process. Sezvo girazi rakanyungudutswa richiyerera nepakati pemabushings, majeti emhepo anokurumidza kutonhodza shinda. Mhepo inoputika inopwanyawo shinda kuita hurefu hwe 20-38 cm (8-15 inches). Nshinda idzi dzinodonha kuburikidza nemafuta anopfapfaidzwa padhiramu rinotenderera, kwadzinoumba dandemutande rakatetepa. Dandemutande rinotorwa kubva mudhiramu rodhonzwa mushinda inoenderera mberi yeshinda dzakasanganiswa zvisina kusimba. Tandemutande iyi inogona kugadzirwa kuita shinda nenzira imwecheteyo inoshandiswa pamvere dzemakwai nedonje.

Faibha yakachekwa

Pane kuti iite shinda, tambo inoenderera mberi kana kuti yakareba inogona kuchekwa kuita zvidimbu zvipfupi. Tambo yacho inoiswa pamhando yemabobbins, anonzi creel, uye inodhonzwa nemuchina unoicheka kuita zvidimbu zvipfupi. Fiber yakachekwa inogadzirwa kuita mat inowedzerwa binder. Mushure mekuomeswa muovheni, mat yacho inopetwa. Huremu hwakasiyana-siyana uye ukobvu hunopa zvigadzirwa zve shingles, denga rakavakwa, kana mat ekushongedza.

Makushe egirazi

Maitiro ekutenderera kana kuti ekutenderera anoshandiswa kugadzira girazi remakushe. Mukuita uku, girazi rakanyungudutswa rinobva muchoto rinoyerera richipinda mumudziyo wakaita sedenderedzwa une maburi madiki. Sezvo mudziyo uchitenderera nekukurumidza, hova dzegirazi dzakatwasuka dzinobuda mumaburi. Hova dzegirazi dzakanyungudutswa dzinoshandurwa kuita makushe nemhepo inodonha pasi, gasi rinopisa, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Makushe anowira pabhandi rekutakura, kwaanobatana muhuswa hwakaita sehwema. Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa pakudzivirira, kana kuti mvere dzinogona kupfapfaidzwa nebinder, kumanikidzwa muukobvu hwaunoda, uye kupiswa muovheni. Kupisa kunoisa binder, uye chigadzirwa chinobuda chinogona kunge chiri bhodhi rakaoma kana kuti rakati twasu, kana kuti batt inochinjika.

Kupfeka kwekudzivirira

Pamusoro pezvisunga, mamwe machira anodiwa pazvigadzirwa zvefiberglass. Mafuta anoshandiswa kuderedza kukweshana kwefiber uye anopfapfaidzwa zvakananga pafiber kana kuwedzerwa mubhandi. Musanganiswa weanti-static dzimwe nguva unopfapfaidzwa pamusoro pemachira ekudzivirira fiberglass panguva yekutonhodza. Mhepo inotonhodza inodhonzwa kuburikidza nebhandi inoita kuti mushonga weanti-static upinde muukobvu hwese hwebhandi. Mushonga weanti-static une zvinhu zviviri - chinhu chinoderedza kugadzirwa kwemagetsi asingachinji, uye chinhu chinoshanda sechinodzivirira ngura uye chinosimbisa. Saizi chero chisunganidzo chinoshandiswa kumachira ejira mukushanda, uye chinogona kunge chine chimwe kana zvimwe zvikamu (mafuta anonamatira, zvisunganidzo, kana zvinobatanidza). Zvinobatanidza zvinoshandiswa patambo dzinozoshandiswa kusimbisa mapurasitiki, kusimbisa chisungo kune chinhu chakasimbiswa. Dzimwe nguva kupedzisa kunodiwa kubvisa machira aya, kana kuwedzera imwe coating. Kune zvinosimbisa purasitiki, saizi dzinogona kubviswa nekupisa kana makemikari uye coupling agent inoshandiswa. Kune zvishandiso zvekushongedza, machira anofanira kurapwa nekupisa kubvisa saizi uye kugadzirisa weave. Mapendekete edhayi anobva aiswa asati aoma kana kudhindwa.

Kuumba kuita maumbirwo

Zvigadzirwa zvefiberglass zvinouya mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, zvakagadzirwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, fiberglass pipe insulation inosungirirwa pamhando dzakaita setsvimbo dzinonzi mandrels zvakananga kubva kuzvikamu zvekuumba, isati yaoma. Mhando dzemold, dzine hurefu hwemamita matatu (91 cm) kana pasi, dzinozopiswa muovheni. Hurefu hwacho hunobviswa pakuumbwa, uye hunochekwa kuita zviyero zvakatarwa. Mafaces anoiswa kana zvichidikanwa, uye chigadzirwa chinoiswa mumapaketi kuti chitumirwe.

Kudzora Hunhu

Munguva yekugadzira fiberglass insulation, zvinhu zvinotorwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana panguva iyi kuti zvirambe zvakanaka. Nzvimbo idzi dzinosanganisira: boka rakasanganiswa riri kupihwa kumuchina unonyungudutsa wemagetsi; girazi rakanyungudutswa kubva mubhashi rinopa fiberizer; fiber yegirazi inobuda mumuchina wefiberizer; uye chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chakacheneswa chinobuda kubva kumagumo emutsetse wekugadzira. Samples dzegirazi nefiber dzinoongororwa kuti dziwane makemikari uye kuvapo kwezvikanganiso uchishandisa makemikari akanyanya kunaka uye maikorosikopu. Kupararira kwehukuru hwezvinhu zvebatch kunowanikwa nekupfuudza zvinhu kuburikidza nemasefa akasiyana-siyana. Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chinoyerwa ukobvu mushure mekurongedza zvichienderana nezvinodiwa. Kuchinja kweukobvu kunoratidza kuti mhando yegirazi iri pasi peyakajairika.

Vagadziri vefiberglass insulation vanoshandisawo nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuedza dzakajairwa kuyera, kugadzirisa, uye kugadzirisa kuramba kweacoustic kwechigadzirwa, kunyudzwa kweruzha, uye kushanda kwezvinodzivirira ruzha. Hunhu hweacoustic hunogona kudzorwa nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakaita sedhayamita yefiber, huwandu hwakawanda, ukobvu, uye huwandu hwebinder. Nzira yakafanana inoshandiswa kudzora hunhu hwekupisa.

Ramangwana

Indasitiri yefiberglass inotarisana nematambudziko makuru mumakore ekuma1990 zvichienda mberi. Huwandu hwevagadziri vefiberglass insulation hwakawedzera nekuda kwemakambani ekuAmerica emakambani ekune dzimwe nyika uye kuvandudzika kwekubudirira kwevagadziri vekuUS. ​​Izvi zvakakonzera kuwanda kwesimba, izvo zvisingagone kugashirwa nemusika wazvino uye pamwe wemangwana.

Pamusoro pekuwanda kwesimba, zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzivirira zvichakwikwidzana. Makushe ematombo ave kushandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro nezvigadzirwa munguva pfupi yapfuura. Kudzivirira furo ndeimwe nzira inotsiva fiberglass mumadziro edzimba nematenga emabhizimisi. Chimwe chinhu chinokwikwidzana nacho icellulose, iyo inoshandiswa mukudzivirira denga.

Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemidziyo yekudzivirira kupisa nekuda kwemusika wedzimba dzisina kusimba, vatengi vari kuda mitengo yakaderera. Kuda uku kuri kukonzerwawo nekuwedzera kwemaitiro ekubatanidza vatengesi nevanoita mabasa ekudzivirira kupisa. Mukupindura, indasitiri yemidziyo yekudzivirira kupisa fiberglass ichafanira kuramba ichideredza mitengo munzvimbo mbiri huru: simba nenzvimbo. Maovheni anoshanda zvakanyanya achafanira kushandiswa asingavimbi nesimba rimwe chete.

Nekusvika pakuwanda kwemarara, vagadziri vefiberglass vachafanirwa kuvandudza nzira dzekugadzira marara akaoma pasina kuwedzera mari. Izvi zvinoda kuvandudza maitiro ekugadzira marara kuti aderedze marara (emvura negasi) uye kushandisa marara zvakare pese pazvinogoneka.

Marara akadaro angada kugadziriswazve uye kunyungudutswazve asati ashandiswazve sezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa. Vagadziri vakati wandei vari kutogadzirisa matambudziko aya.