1. Xobula umthi. Kukho izinto ezininzi ezikrwada, kwaye umthi usetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada apha, ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Umthi osetyenziselwa ukwenza iphepha ufakwa kwirola kwaye ixolo liyasuswa.
2. Ukusika. Faka umthi oxotyulweyo kwi-chipper.
3. Ukupheka ngomphunga ngomthi ophukileyo. Faka iitships zomthi kwisixhobo sokugaya.
4. Emva koko sebenzisa amanzi amaninzi acocekileyo ukuhlamba i-pulp, kwaye ususe iziqwenga ezirhabaxa, amaqhina, amatye kunye nesanti kwi-pulp ngokuyicoca nokuyicoca.
5. Ngokweemfuno zohlobo lwephepha, sebenzisa i-bleach ukuze ucoce i-pulp ukuze ibe mhlophe ngokufanelekileyo, uze usebenzise izixhobo zokubethela ukuze ubethe.
I-pulp ifakwa kumatshini wephepha. Kule nyathelo, inxalenye yomswakama iya kususwa kwi-pulp kwaye iya kuba yibhanti ye-pulp emanzi, kwaye imicu ekuyo iya kucinezelwa kancinci yi-roller.
6. Ukukhupha umswakama. Impumlo ihamba ecaleni kweribhoni, isuse amanzi, ize ibe lukhuni ngakumbi.
7. Uku-ayina. Irola enomphezulu ogudileyo inga-ayina umphezulu wephepha ibe ngumphezulu ogudileyo.
8. Ukusika. Beka iphepha kumatshini uze ulinqumle libe likhulu ngokulinganayo.
Umgaqo wokwenza amaphepha:
Ukuveliswa kwephepha kwahlulwe ngeendlela ezimbini ezisisiseko: ukukhupha i-pulping kunye nokwenza iphepha. Ukukhupha i-pulping kukusebenzisa iindlela zoomatshini, iindlela zeekhemikhali, okanye indibaniselwano yazo zombini iindlela ukwahlula izinto eziluhlaza zefayibha yezityalo zibe yi-pulp yendalo okanye i-pulp e-bleached. Ukukhupha iphepha yinkqubo yokudibanisa iifayibha ze-pulp ezixhonywe emanzini ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zibe ngamaphepha amaphepha ahlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo.
ETshayina, ukuveliswa kwephepha kuthiwa kwabangelwa yithenwa uCai Lun woBukhosi bukaHan (malunga nowe-105 AD; inqaku lomhleli wenguqulelo yesiTshayina: uphando lwakutshanje lwembali lubonisa ukuba ngeli xesha kufuneka luqhutyelwe phambili). Iphepha ngelo xesha lalenziwe ngeengcambu ze-bamboo, amalaphu, i-hemp, njl. Inkqubo yokuvelisa yayiquka ukugquma, ukubilisa, ukucoca, nokusasaza intsalela ukuze yome elangeni. Ukwenziwa nokusetyenziswa kwephepha kwasasazeka kancinci ukuya emantla ntshona kunye nemisebenzi yorhwebo yeSilk Road. Ngowama-793 AD, kwakhiwa umzi-mveliso wephepha eBaghdad, ePersi. Ukusuka apha, ukwenziwa kwephepha kwasasazeka kumazwe ama-Arabhu, kuqala eDamasko, emva koko eYiputa naseMorocco, kwaye ekugqibeleni e-Exerovia eSpain. Ngowama-1150 AD, amaMoor akha umzi-mveliso wokuqala wephepha eYurophu. Kamva, kwasekwa iifektri zephepha eHorantes, eFransi ngo-1189, eVabreano, e-Itali ngo-1260, naseJamani ngo-1389. Emva koko, kwakukho umrhwebi waseLondon eNgilane ogama linguJohn Tent owaqala ukwenza iphepha ngo-1498 ngexesha lolawulo lukaKumkani uHenry II. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, iphepha elenziwe ngamalaphu nezityalo lathatyathelwa indawo liphepha elenziwe nge-pulp yesityalo.
Kuyaziwa kwizinto ezifunyenweyo ukuba iphepha lokuqala lenziwe nge-hemp. Inkqubo yokuvelisa yile ilandelayo: ukuphinda, oko kukuthi, ukumanzisa i-hemp emanzini ukuze uyikhuphe; emva koko uyicubungule ibe yimicu ye-hemp; emva koko uyityumze imicu ye-hemp, eyaziwa ngokuba kukubetha, ukuze isasaze imicu ye-hemp; kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuloba ngephepha, oko kukuthi, ukusasaza imicu ye-hemp ngokulinganayo kwi-bamboo mat efakwe emanzini, uze uyikhuphe uyomise ukuze ibe yiphepha.
Le nkqubo ifana kakhulu nendlela ye-flocculation, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba inkqubo yokwenza iphepha yazalwa yindlela ye-flocculation. Kakade ke, iphepha lokuqala lalisarhabaxa kakhulu. I-hemp fiber yayingagaywanga kakuhle, kwaye i-fiber yayisasazeke ngokungalinganiyo xa yenziwa iphepha. Ngenxa yoko, kwakungelula ukubhala kuyo, kwaye yayisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukupakisha izinto.
Kodwa kungenxa yembonakalo yalo kanye apho iphepha lokuqala emhlabeni labangela utshintsho olukhulu kwizixhobo zokubhala. Kolu tshintsho lwezixhobo zokubhala, uCai Lun washiya igama lakhe kwimbali ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-13-2023