Yenziwa Kanjani I-Fiberglass?

I-Fiberglass ibhekisela eqenjini lemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngemicu yengilazi ngayinye ehlanganiswe yaba izinhlobo ezahlukene. Imicu yengilazi ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu ngokwejiyometri yayo: imicu eqhubekayo esetshenziswa ezintanjeni nasezindwangu, kanye nemicu engaqhubeki (emifushane) esetshenziswa njenge-batts, izingubo zokulala, noma amabhodi okushisa nokuhlunga. I-Fiberglass ingakhiwa ibe yintambo efana noboya noma ukotini, futhi ilukwe ibe yindwangu ngezinye izikhathi esetshenziselwa ama-draperies. Izindwangu ze-Fiberglass zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokuqinisa zepulasitiki ezibunjiwe nezinamathelisiwe. Uboya be-Fiberglass, into ewugqinsi, ethambile eyenziwe ngemicu engaqhubeki, isetshenziselwa ukushisa nokufaka umsindo. Ivame ukutholakala ezintanjeni nasezintanjeni zemikhumbi; izingxenye zenjini yezimoto kanye namaphaneli omzimba; ezithandweni nasezintweni zokupholisa umoya; amaphaneli odonga nophahla azwakalayo; kanye nezingxenye zokwakha. I-Fiberglass ingenziwa ngezifiso zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ezifana nohlobo E (kagesi), olusetshenziswa njengetheyiphu yokushisa kagesi, izindwangu kanye nokuqinisa; Uhlobo C (lwamakhemikhali), olunokumelana okuphezulu kwe-asidi, kanye nohlobo T, lokushisa.

Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwefayibha yengilazi kwezentengiselwano kusanda kwenzeka, abadwebi bakha imicu yengilazi yokuhlobisa ama-goblet nama-vase ngesikhathi se-Renaissance. Isazi sesayensi yezinkanyezi saseFrance, uRene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, sakhiqiza izindwangu ezihlotshiswe ngemicu yengilazi emihle ngo-1713, kanti abasunguli baseBrithani balingisa lesi senzo ngo-1822. Umluki wesilika waseBrithani wenza indwangu yengilazi ngo-1842, kanti omunye umsunguli, u-Edward Libbey, wabonisa ingubo elukiwe ngengilazi eMbukisweni waseColumbian ka-1893 eChicago.

Uboya beglasi, inqwaba ethambile yefayibha engaguquki ngobude obungahleliwe, yaqala ukukhiqizwa eYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kusetshenziswa inqubo eyayihilela ukudonsa imicu kusuka ezindongeni ezivundlile kuya kusigubhu esijikelezayo. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, kwasungulwa inqubo yokuphotha futhi yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi. Izinto zokuvikela imicu yeglasi zenziwa eJalimane ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I. Ucwaningo nentuthuko eyayihlose ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kwemicu yeglasi kwaqhubekela phambili e-United States ngawo-1930, ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwezinkampani ezimbili ezinkulu, i-Owens-Illinois Glass Company kanye ne-Corning Glass Works. Lezi zinkampani zakha ifayibha yeglasi enhle, ethambile, engabizi kakhulu ngokudweba ingilazi encibilikisiwe ngokusebenzisa ama-orifice amahle kakhulu. Ngo-1938, lezi zinkampani ezimbili zahlangana zakha i-Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Manje eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Owens-Corning, isibe yinkampani ebiza amaRandi ayizigidigidi ezintathu ngonyaka, futhi ihola emakethe ye-fiberglass.

Ama-Raw material

Izinto eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-fiberglass ziyizinhlobo ezahlukene zamaminerali emvelo namakhemikhali akhiqizwayo. Izithako eziyinhloko isihlabathi se-silica, i-limestone, kanye nomlotha we-soda. Ezinye izithako zingafaka i-calcium alumina, i-borax, i-feldspar, i-nepheline syenite, i-magnesite, kanye nobumba lwe-kaolin, phakathi kwezinye. Isihlabathi se-silica sisetshenziswa njengengilazi, kanti umlotha we-soda kanye nomlotha we-limestone kusiza kakhulu ekwehliseni izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika. Ezinye izithako zisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezithile, njenge-borax yokumelana namakhemikhali. Ingilazi yemfucuza, ebizwa nangokuthi i-cullet, nayo isetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Izinto zokusetshenziswa kumele zikalwe ngokucophelela ngobuningi obuqondile futhi zixutshwe kahle (okubizwa ngokuthi i-batching) ngaphambi kokuba zincibilikiswe zibe yingilazi.

Ukukhiqiza
Inqubo

Ukuncibilika

Uma inqwaba isilungisiwe, ifakwa esithandweni ukuze incibilike. Isithando singashiswa ngogesi, uphethiloli wezinto zasendulo, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili. Izinga lokushisa kumele lilawulwe ngokunembile ukuze kugcinwe ukugeleza kwengilazi okubushelelezi nokuzinzile. Ingilazi encibilikisiwe kumele igcinwe ekushiseni okuphezulu (cishe ngo-2500°F [1371°C]) kunezinye izinhlobo zengilazi ukuze yenziwe ifayibha. Uma ingilazi isincibilikisiwe, idluliselwa emishinini yokwakha ngomzila (forehearth) otholakala ekugcineni kwesithando.

Ukwakheka kube imicu

Kusetshenziswa izinqubo eziningana ezahlukene ukwakha imicu, kuye ngohlobo lwemicu. Imicu yendwangu ingakhiwa ngengilazi encibilikisiwe ngqo kusuka esithandweni, noma ingilazi encibilikisiwe ingafakwa kuqala emshinini owakha amamabula engilazi angaba ngu-0.62 intshi (1.6 cm) ububanzi. La mamabula avumela ingilazi ukuthi ihlolwe ngokubonakalayo ukuze ithole ukungcola. Kokubili inqubo yokuncibilika okuqondile kanye nokuncibilika kwemabula, amamabula engilazi noma engilazi anikezwa ngama-bushings ashiswa ngogesi (abizwa nangokuthi ama-spinnerets). I-bushing yenziwe nge-platinum noma i-alloy yensimbi, enezindawo ezincane kakhulu eziphakathi kuka-200 kuya ku-3,000. Ingilazi encibilikisiwe idlula ezindaweni ezincane futhi iphume njengemicu emihle.

Inqubo ye-filament eqhubekayo

I-fibre ende, eqhubekayo ingakhiqizwa ngenqubo ye-filament eqhubekayo. Ngemva kokuba ingilazi igeleze ngemigodi ese-bushing, imicu eminingi ibanjwa ku-winder enesivinini esikhulu. I-winder ijikeleza cishe ngamamayela ama-3 ngomzuzu, ngokushesha kakhulu kunesivinini sokugeleza okuvela ema-bushing. Ukucindezeleka kudonsa imicu ngenkathi isancibilikile, kwakha imicu engxenyeni yobubanzi bezimbobo ezise-bushing. Kufakwa i-binder yamakhemikhali, esiza ukuvimbela i-fibre ukuthi ingaphuki ngesikhathi sokucubungula kamuva. I-filament ibe isiboshwa emapayipini. Manje ingasontwa futhi ifakwe ku-warn.

Inqubo ye-Staple-fiber

Enye indlela inqubo ye-staplefiber. Njengoba ingilazi encibilikisiwe igeleza emabhoshini, amajethi omoya apholisa ngokushesha amafilamenti. Ukuqhuma komoya okuguquguqukayo nakho kuphula amafilamenti abe ubude obungamasentimitha angu-20-38 (8-15 inches). La mafilamenti awela nge-spray ye-lubricant esigubheni esijikelezayo, lapho akha khona i-web encane. I-web idonswa esigubheni bese idonswa ibe yi-filament eqhubekayo ye-fibre ehlanganisiwe kalula. Le ntambo ingacutshungulwa ibe yintambo ngezinqubo ezifanayo ezisetshenziswa uboya kanye nekotini.

I-fibre eqoshiwe

Esikhundleni sokwakheka kube uboya, uboya obuqhubekayo noma obude bungase bunqunywe bube ubude obufushane. Uboya bufakwa kusethi yama-bobbins, abizwa ngokuthi i-creel, bese budonswa ngomshini owusika ube yizicucu ezimfushane. Uboya obuqoshiwe buhlanganiswa bube yizicucu lapho kufakwa khona i-binder. Ngemva kokuqina kuhhavini, uboya buyagoqwa. Izisindo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kunikeza imikhiqizo yama-shingle, uphahla oluhlanganisiwe, noma uboya obuhlobisa.

Uboya beglasi

Inqubo yokujikeleza noma ye-spinner isetshenziselwa ukwenza uboya beglasi. Kule nqubo, ingilazi encibilikisiwe evela esithandweni igeleza iye esitsheni esiyisilinda esinezimbobo ezincane. Njengoba isitsha sijikeleza ngokushesha, imifudlana yengilazi evundlile igeleza iphuma ezimbobeni. Imifudlana yengilazi encibilikisiwe iguqulwa ibe imicu ngokuqhuma komoya okwehlayo, igesi eshisayo, noma kokubili. Imicu iwela ebhandeni lokuhambisa, lapho ihlangana khona ibe yinqwaba ethambile. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ekushiseni, noma uboya bungafuthwa nge-binder, bucindezelwe bube ugqinsi olufunwayo, bese bupholiswa kuhhavini. Ukushisa kusetha i-binder, futhi umkhiqizo ophumayo ungaba ibhodi eqinile noma eqinile kancane, noma i-batt eguquguqukayo.

Izimbozo ezivikelayo

Ngaphezu kwezihlanganisi, kudingeka ezinye izembozo zemikhiqizo ye-fiberglass. Izithambisi zisetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwefayibha futhi zifuthwa ngqo kufayibha noma zifakwe ku-binder. Ukwakheka okulwa nokungaguquki ngezinye izikhathi kufafazwa phezu kwama-fiberglass insulation mat ngesikhathi sesinyathelo sokupholisa. Umoya opholile odonswa ku-mat ubangela ukuthi i-anti-static agent ingene kulo lonke ubukhulu be-mat. I-anti-static agent inezithako ezimbili—into enciphisa ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ongaguquki, kanye nento esebenza njengesivimbeli sokugqwala kanye nesiqinisi. Usayizi yinoma iyiphi ingubo esetshenziswa kuma-textile fibers ekusebenzeni kokwakheka, futhi ingaqukatha ingxenye eyodwa noma ngaphezulu (izithambisi, izihlanganisi, noma ama-coupling agent). Ama-coupling agent asetshenziswa kuma-strands azosetshenziselwa ukuqinisa amapulasitiki, ukuqinisa isibopho nezinto eziqinisiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi umsebenzi wokuqeda uyadingeka ukususa lezi zembozo, noma ukwengeza enye ingubo. Kokuqinisa ipulasitiki, ubukhulu bungasuswa ngokushisa noma amakhemikhali bese kufakwa i-coupling agent. Ekusetshenzisweni kokuhlobisa, izindwangu kumele ziphathwe ngokushisa ukuze kususwe ubukhulu kanye nokusetha ukuluka. Izembozo zesisekelo sedayi zibe sezifakwa ngaphambi kokufa noma ukuphrinta.

Ukwakheka kube yizimo

Imikhiqizo ye-fiberglass iza ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene, ezenziwe ngezinqubo eziningana. Isibonelo, ukufakelwa kwamapayipi e-fiberglass kugoqwa ezinhlotsheni ezifana nenduku ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-mandrels ngqo kusuka kumayunithi okwakha, ngaphambi kokuqina. Ukwakheka kwesikhunta, ngobude obungamamitha angu-91 noma ngaphansi, bese kuqiniswa kuhhavini. Ubude obuqinisiwe bube sebususwa ekubumbeni ngobude, bese bunqunywa bube yizilinganiso ezithile. Izimbobo zobuso ziyasetshenziswa uma kudingeka, futhi umkhiqizo upakishwa ukuze uthunyelwe.

Ikhwalithi yokulawula

Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kokufakwa kwe-fiberglass insulation, izinto ziyathathwa amasampula ezindaweni eziningana kule nqubo ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi. Lezi zindawo zifaka: inqwaba exubile enikwa umshini wokuncibilikisa kagesi; ingilazi encibilikisiwe evela ebhodweni eliphakela i-fiberizer; i-fiber yengilazi ephuma emshinini we-fiberizer; kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina osuqediwe ophuma ekugcineni komugqa wokukhiqiza. Amasampula engilazi enkulu kanye ne-fiber ahlaziywa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuba khona kwamaphutha kusetshenziswa abahlaziyi bamakhemikhali abasezingeni eliphezulu kanye nama-microscope. Ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya zezinto ze-batch kutholakala ngokudlulisa izinto ngokusebenzisa izisefo eziningana zobukhulu obuhlukene. Umkhiqizo wokugcina ulinganiswa ukujiya ngemva kokupakisha ngokwezincazelo. Ushintsho ekujiyeni lubonisa ukuthi ikhwalithi yengilazi ingaphansi kwesilinganiso.

Abakhiqizi bokufudumeza i-fiberglass basebenzisa nezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola ezijwayelekile ukukala, ukulungisa, nokuthuthukisa ukumelana kwe-acoustic yomkhiqizo, ukumuncwa komsindo, kanye nokusebenza kwesithiyo somsindo. Izakhiwo ze-acoustic zingalawulwa ngokulungisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zokukhiqiza njengobubanzi be-fiber, ubuningi bobuningi, ukujiya, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-binder. Indlela efanayo isetshenziswa ukulawula izakhiwo zokushisa.

Ikusasa

Imboni ye-fiberglass ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu eminyakeni yawo-1990 nangale kwalokho. Inani labakhiqizi bokufudumeza i-fiberglass liye landa ngenxa yezinkampani zaseMelika ezingaphansi kwezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe kanye nokuthuthuka komkhiqizo ngabakhiqizi base-US. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni kube nomthamo oweqile, imakethe yamanje kanye neyangesikhathi esizayo engenakukwazi ukuwuthwala.

Ngaphezu komthamo oweqile, ezinye izinto zokuvikela uthuli zizoncintisana. Uboya bedwala busetshenziswe kabanzi ngenxa yenqubo yakamuva kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo. Ukuvikela uthuli ngefoam kungenye indlela esikhundleni se-fiberglass ezindongeni zokuhlala kanye nophahla lwezentengiselwano. Enye into encintisanayo yi-cellulose, esetshenziswa ekuvikeleni uthuli ephahleni.

Ngenxa yesidingo esiphansi sokufakwa kokushisa ngenxa yemakethe yezindlu ezithambile, abathengi bafuna amanani aphansi. Lesi sidingo siphinde sibe umphumela wokuqhubeka kokuhlanganiswa kwabathengisi kanye nabakhi. Ngenxa yalokho, imboni yokufakwa kokushisa kwe-fiberglass kuzodingeka iqhubeke nokunciphisa izindleko ezindaweni ezimbili ezinkulu: amandla kanye nemvelo. Kuzodingeka kusetshenziswe izitofu ezisebenza kahle ezinganciki emthonjeni owodwa wamandla.

Njengoba izindawo zokulahla udoti zifinyelela umthamo omkhulu, abakhiqizi be-fiberglass kuzodingeka bafinyelele cishe u-zero ekukhishweni kwemfucuza eqinile ngaphandle kokwandisa izindleko. Lokhu kuzodinga ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza ukuze kuncishiswe imfucuza (yemfucuza yoketshezi negesi) kanye nokusebenzisa kabusha imfucuza lapho kungenzeka khona.

Imfucuza enjalo ingadinga ukucutshungulwa kabusha nokuncibilikiswa kabusha ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kabusha njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Abakhiqizi abaningana sebevele bebhekana nalezi zinkinga.