Yenziwa Njani I-Fiberglass?

I-Fiberglass ibhekisa kwiqela leemveliso ezenziwe ngeefayibha zeglasi nganye ezidityaniswe kwiifom ezahlukeneyo. Iifayibha zeglasi zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu ngokwejometri yazo: iifayibha eziqhubekayo ezisetyenziswa kwiiyarns nakwilaphu, kunye neefayibha ezingapheliyo (ezimfutshane) ezisetyenziswa njengeebhanti, iingubo, okanye iibhodi zokufaka ubushushu kunye nokuhluza. I-Fiberglass inokwenziwa ibe yiyarn efana noboya okanye ikotoni, kwaye ilukwe ibe yilaphu elisetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha kwiidraperies. Iifayibha zeglasi zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokuqinisa iiplastiki ezibunjiweyo nezifakwe ilaminate. Uboya be-Fiberglass, into etyebileyo, ethambileyo eyenziwe ngeefayibha ezingapheliyo, isetyenziselwa ukufakela ubushushu kunye nokufunxa isandi. Ixhaphake kakhulu kwiinqanawa kunye neenqanawa kunye neenqanawa zasemanzini; ii-compartments zeenjini zeemoto kunye neepaneli zomzimba; kwii-ovens kunye neeyunithi zomoya opholileyo; iiphaneli zodonga kunye nesilingi ze-acoustic; kunye nezahlulo zokwakha. I-Fiberglass inokwenziwa ngokwezicelo ezithile ezifana nohlobo E (lombane), olusetyenziswa njengeteyiphu yokufakela umbane, iilaphu kunye nokuqinisa; Uhlobo C (lwekhemikhali), olunokumelana okuphezulu kwe-asidi, kunye nohlobo T, lokufakela ubushushu.

Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwefayibha yeglasi kurhwebo kusandul’ ukwenzeka, iingcali zobugcisa zenze imicu yeglasi yokuhombisa iiglasi kunye neevazi ngexesha leRenaissance. Isazinzulu saseFransi, uRene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, wavelisa amalaphu ahlotshiswe ngemicu yeglasi entle ngo-1713, kwaye abavelisi baseBritane baphinda loo nto ngo-1822. Umluki wesilika waseBritane wenza ilaphu leglasi ngo-1842, kwaye omnye umvelisi, uEdward Libbey, wabonisa ilokhwe elukiweyo ngeglasi kwiMboniso yaseColumbian ka-1893 eChicago.

Uboya beglasi, ubunzima obuthambileyo befayibha engaguqukiyo ngobude obungacwangciswanga, baveliswa okokuqala eYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, kusetyenziswa inkqubo ebandakanya ukutsala imicu ukusuka kwiintonga ukuya kwidrama ejikelezayo. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, kwaveliswa inkqubo yokujikeleza kwaye yanikwa ilungelo lobunikazi. Izinto zokukhusela ifayibha yeglasi zenziwa eJamani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuQala. Uphando nophuhliso olujolise ekuvelisweni kwemizi-mveliso yefayibha yeglasi kwaqhubeka eMelika ngeminyaka yoo-1930, phantsi kolawulo lweenkampani ezimbini ezinkulu, i-Owens-Illinois Glass Company kunye neCorning Glass Works. Ezi nkampani zaphuhlisa ifayibha yeglasi entle, ethambileyo, nengabizi kakhulu ngokutsala iglasi enyibilikisiweyo kwii-orifices ezintle kakhulu. Ngo-1938, ezi nkampani zimbini zadibana zenza i-Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. Ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Owens-Corning, iye yaba yinkampani exabisa i-$3 billion ngonyaka, kwaye ikhokela kwimarike ye-fiberglass.

Iimpahla ezingekasilwa

Izinto ezisisiseko ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yefiberglass ziintlobo ngeentlobo zeeminerali zendalo kunye neekhemikhali ezenziweyo. Izithako eziphambili sisihlabathi se-silica, i-limestone, kunye ne-soda ash. Ezinye izithako zingabandakanya i-calcium alumina, i-borax, i-feldspar, i-nepheline syenite, i-magnesite, kunye nodongwe lwe-kaolin, phakathi kwezinye. Isanti ye-silica isetyenziswa njengeglasi, kwaye i-soda ash kunye ne-limestone zinceda kakhulu ekunciphiseni ubushushu bokunyibilika. Ezinye izithako zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula iipropati ezithile, ezifana ne-borax yokumelana neekhemikhali. Iglasi yenkunkuma, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-cullet, ikwasetyenziswa njengezinto ezisetyenziswayo. Izinto ezisetyenziswayo kufuneka zilinganiswe ngononophelo ngobungakanani obuchanekileyo kwaye zidityaniswe kakuhle (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-batching) ngaphambi kokuba zinyibilikiswe zibe yiglasi.

Ukwenziwa kweMveliso
Inkqubo

Ukunyibilika

Nje ukuba ibhetshi ilungisiwe, ifakwa kwisithando somlilo ukuze inyibilike. Isithando somlilo sinokufudunyezwa ngumbane, amafutha efosili, okanye indibaniselwano yezi zinto zimbini. Ubushushu kufuneka bulawulwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba kweglasi okuthambileyo nokuzinzileyo. Iglasi enyibilikisiweyo kufuneka igcinwe kubushushu obuphezulu (malunga ne-2500°F [1371°C]) kunezinye iintlobo zeglasi ukuze yenziwe ibe yifayibha. Nje ukuba iglasi inyibilike, idluliselwa kwizixhobo zokwenza ngetshaneli (forehearth) ekwisiphelo sesithando somlilo.

Ukwakheka kube yimicu

Kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ukwenza imicu, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwefayibha. Imicu yelaphu inokwenziwa ngeglasi enyibilikisiweyo ngqo esuka esithandweni, okanye iglasi enyibilikisiweyo ingafakwa kuqala kumatshini owenza imicu yeglasi enobubanzi obuyi-0.62 intshi (1.6 cm). Ezi mabhule zivumela iglasi ukuba ihlolwe ngokubonakalayo ukuze ibone ukungcola. Kwinkqubo yokunyibilika ngokuthe ngqo kunye nokunyibilika kwemarble, imicu yeglasi okanye yeglasi inikwa ngokusebenzisa imicu eshushu ngombane (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-spinnerets). I-bushing yenziwe ngeplatinum okanye i-alloy yesinyithi, kunye neendawo eziphakathi kwama-200 ukuya kuma-3,000 ezicolekileyo kakhulu. Iglasi enyibilikisiweyo idlula kwii-orifices kwaye iphuma njengemicu emihle.

Inkqubo ye-filament eqhubekayo

Ifayibha ende neqhubekayo inokuveliswa ngenkqubo ye-constant-filament. Emva kokuba iglasi idlule kwimingxunya esesihlahleni, imicu emininzi ibanjwa kwi-winder ekhawulezayo. I-winder ijikeleza malunga neekhilomitha ezi-3 ngomzuzu, ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunesantya sokuhamba kwe-bushings. Uxinzelelo lukhupha imicu ngelixa isanyibilikisiwe, lwenza imicu encinci yobubanzi bezithuba ezivulekileyo kwi-bushing. Kusetyenziswa i-chemical binder, enceda ukugcina ifayibha ingaqhekeki ngexesha lokucubungula kamva. I-filament emva koko ibotshelelwa kwiityhubhu. Ngoku ingajijwa kwaye ifakwe kwi-warn.

Inkqubo ye-Staple-fiber

Enye indlela yinkqubo ye-staplefiber. Njengoko iglasi enyibilikisiweyo idlula kwiibhotshi, iijethi zomoya zipholisa ngokukhawuleza iifilaments. Ukuqhuma komoya okuguquguqukayo kukwaphula iifilaments zibe bubude obuyi-20-38 cm (8-15 intshi). Ezi filaments ziwela nge-spray ye-lubricant kwi-drum ejikelezayo, apho zenza khona i-web ebhityileyo. I-web itsalwa kwi-drum kwaye itsalwe kwi-string eqhubekayo yee-fibers ezidibeneyo. Le string ingacutshungulwa ibe yintambo ngeenkqubo ezifanayo ezisetyenziswa kwi-wool kunye ne-cotton.

Ifayibha enqunqiweyo

Endaweni yokwenziwa ibe yintambo, intambo eqhubekayo okanye ende esisigxina inokunqunyulwa ibe ziinde ezimfutshane. Intambo ifakwe kwiseti yeebobbins, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-creel, kwaye itsalwe ngomatshini oyinqumla ibe ziingceba ezimfutshane. Ifayibha enqunqiweyo yenziwa ibe ziimathi apho kongezwa khona i-binder. Emva kokuqiniswa kwi-oven, i-mat iyasongwa. Ubunzima obahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu bunika iimveliso zee-shingles, uphahla oluhlanganisiweyo, okanye iimathi zokuhombisa.

Uboya beglasi

Inkqubo yokujikeleza okanye yokujikelezisa isetyenziselwa ukwenza uboya beglasi. Kule nkqubo, iglasi enyibilikisiweyo evela esithandweni ingena kwisikhongozeli esisilinda esinemingxuma emincinci. Njengoko isikhongozeli sijikeleza ngokukhawuleza, imijelo yeglasi ethe tye iphuma kwimingxuma. Imijelo yeglasi enyibilikisiweyo iguqulwa ibe yimicu ngokuqhuma komoya, igesi eshushu, okanye zombini. Imicu iwela kwibhanti yokuhambisa, apho idibana khona ibe yimfumba ethambileyo. Oku kungasetyenziselwa ukufudumala, okanye uboya bungatshizwa nge-binder, bucinezelwe kubukhulu obufunekayo, buze bucocwe kwi-oven. Ubushushu bubeka i-binder, kwaye imveliso ephumayo inokuba yibhodi eqinileyo okanye engqongqo kancinci, okanye i-batt eguquguqukayo.

Iingubo zokukhusela

Ukongeza kwi-binders, kufuneka ezinye ii-coupling kwimveliso ye-fiberglass. Ii-lubricants zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukurhawuzelelwa kwefayibha kwaye zitshizwa ngqo kwifayibha okanye zongezwe kwi-binder. Umxube we-anti-static ngamanye amaxesha utshizwa phezu komphezulu wee-fiberglass insulation mats ngexesha lokupholisa. Umoya opholileyo otsalwa kwi-mat ubangela ukuba i-anti-static agent ingene kuyo yonke ubukhulu be-mat. I-anti-static agent inezithako ezibini—izinto ezinciphisa ukuveliswa kombane ongashukumiyo, kunye nezinto ezisebenza njengesithinteli sokugqwala kunye nesiqinisi. Ubungakanani yiyo nayiphi na i-coupling esetyenziswa kwi-textile fibers ekusebenzeni, kwaye inokuba nenxalenye enye okanye ezingaphezulu (ii-lubricants, ii-binders, okanye ii-coupling agents). Ii-coupling agents zisetyenziswa kwi-strings eziza kusetyenziselwa ukuqinisa iiplastiki, ukuqinisa i-bond kwizinto eziqinisiweyo. Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka umsebenzi wokugqiba ukususa ezi couplings, okanye ukongeza enye i-coupling. Kwi-plastic reinforcements, ii-sizes zingasuswa ngobushushu okanye iikhemikhali kwaye kusetyenziswe i-coupling agent. Kwizicelo zokuhombisa, amalaphu kufuneka aphathwe ngobushushu ukuze kususwe ii-sizes kunye nokuseta i-weave. Emva koko kufakwa idayi esisiseko ngaphambi kokuba itshiswe okanye iprintwe.

Ukwakheka zibe ziimo

Iimveliso ze-fiberglass ziza ngeendidi ngeendidi zeemilo, zenziwe kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukufakelwa kwepayipi ye-fiberglass kufakwa kwiifom ezifana neentonga ezibizwa ngokuba zii-mandrels ngqo ezivela kwiiyunithi zokwenza, ngaphambi kokuba ziqine. Iifom ze-mold, ezinobude obuziimitha ezingama-91 okanye ngaphantsi, emva koko ziqinelwa kwi-oven. Ubude obuqinileyo buyasuswa kubude, kwaye bunqunyulwe bube bukhulu obuchaziweyo. Ii-facefaces ziyasetyenziswa ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwaye imveliso ipakishwe ukuze ithunyelwe.

Ulawulo lwemeko

Ngexesha lokuveliswa kwe-insulation ye-fiberglass, izinto ziyathathwa iisampulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kule nkqubo ukuze kugcinwe umgangatho. Ezi ndawo ziquka: ibhetshi exutyiweyo enikwa i-electric melter; iglasi enyibilikisiweyo esuka kwi-bushing eyondla i-fiberizer; i-glass fiber ephuma kumatshini we-fiberizer; kunye nemveliso yokugqibela ecociweyo evela ekupheleni komgca wemveliso. Iisampulu zeglasi kunye ne-fiber zihlalutywa ukuze kujongwe ukwakheka kweekhemikhali kunye nokuba kukho iziphene kusetyenziswa ii-analyzers zeekhemikhali ezintsonkothileyo kunye nee-microscopes. Ukusasazwa kobungakanani beenxalenye zezinto zebhetshi kufunyanwa ngokudlula izinto kwiisieves ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zobukhulu. Imveliso yokugqibela ilinganiswa ubukhulu emva kokupakishwa ngokweemfuno. Utshintsho kubukhulu lubonisa ukuba umgangatho weglasi ungaphantsi komgangatho.

Abavelisi bokugquma i-fiberglass basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo ezisemgangathweni ukulinganisa, ukulungisa, kunye nokwenza ngcono ukumelana nesandi semveliso, ukufunxwa kwesandi, kunye nokusebenza kokuthintela isandi. Iimpawu zesandi zinokulawulwa ngokulungelelanisa izinto eziguquguqukayo zemveliso ezifana nobubanzi befayibha, uxinano olukhulu, ubukhulu, kunye nomxholo we-binder. Indlela efanayo isetyenziswa ukulawula iimpawu zobushushu.

Ngelixa elizayo

Ishishini le-fiberglass lijongene nemingeni emikhulu kwiminyaka yoo-1990 nangaphaya. Inani labavelisi be-fiberglass insulation linyukile ngenxa yeenkampani zaseMelika eziphantsi kweenkampani zangaphandle kunye nokuphuculwa kwemveliso ngabavelisi baseMelika. Oku kubangele umthamo omkhulu, ongenakukwazi ukuhlangatyezwa yimarike yangoku neyexesha elizayo.

Ukongeza kumthamo ogqithisileyo, ezinye izinto zokukhusela ziya kukhuphisana. Uboya belitye busetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuphuculwa kwenkqubo kunye nemveliso kutshanje. Ukukhusela i-foam lolunye uhlobo endaweni ye-fiberglass kwiindonga zokuhlala kunye nophahla lwezorhwebo. Esinye isixhobo esikhuphisanayo yi-cellulose, esetyenziswa kwi-attic insulation.

Ngenxa yemfuno ephantsi yokufakelwa ubushushu ngenxa yemarike yezindlu ezithambileyo, abathengi bafuna amaxabiso aphantsi. Le mfuno ikwangumphumo wokuqhubeka kokuhlanganiswa kwabathengisi kunye nabathengisi. Ukuphendula oku, ishishini lokufakelwa ubushushu kwi-fiberglass kuya kufuneka liqhubeke nokunciphisa iindleko kwiindawo ezimbini eziphambili: amandla kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kuya kufuneka kusetyenziswe izitofu ezisebenzayo ezingaxhomekekanga kumthombo omnye wamandla kuphela.

Njengoko iindawo zokulahla inkunkuma zifikelela kumthamo ophezulu, abavelisi befiberglass kuya kufuneka bafikelele phantse kwimveliso engenanto kwinkunkuma eqinileyo ngaphandle kokunyusa iindleko. Oku kuya kufuna ukuphucula iinkqubo zokuvelisa ukuze kuncitshiswe inkunkuma (nayo yenkunkuma yolwelo negesi) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwenkunkuma naphi na apho kunokwenzeka khona.

Inkunkuma enjalo ingadinga ukuhlaziywa kwakhona nokunyibilikiswa kwakhona ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe kwakhona njengezinto eziluhlaza. Abavelisi abaninzi sele bejongana nale micimbi.